Non-Intervention as a Challenge to Advocacy Networks: A Case Study of Transnational Crime in the ASEAN Region

Abstract

The rise of transnational crimes such as human trafficking, narcotics smuggling, and labor exploitation in online fraud schemes in Southeast Asia presents a serious ongoing challenge, especially due to the strong principle of non-intervention upheld by ASEAN member states. This research places the issue in the context of regional security and the role of civil society through transnational advocacy networks (TANs). Using a qualitative descriptive approach and referring to official reports and data from civil society organizations, this study analyzes how the principle of non-intervention and the weakness of regional law enforcement mechanisms are the main obstacles. The results show that although advocacy networks such as Amnesty International can
drive information, symbolism, and leverage politics, they are still limited in creating political accountability in Southeast Asia. The "boomerang pattern" put forward by Keck and Sikkink often fails due to the limited access of domestic actors to formal channels and the absence of coercive mechanisms in the ASEAN structure. This article emphasizes the need for normative reforms in regional organizations to make the response to transnational crime more effective