PROIROFONIC

The Looming Wall: Understanding the Consequences of China’s Dam Project on Bangladesh Economy

Ghifarie Aulia Ramadhany — 2026-01-24

Bangladesh’s textile industry, which accounts for over 80% of the country's export earnings and sustains millions of livelihoods, is critically dependent on consistent freshwater access—muchof which is sourced from the Brahmaputra River (Sikder, 2019). This study aims to identify theconstruction of the Yarlung Tsangpo mega-dam by the Chinese and its potential economic implication downstream, especially in the upper course of the Brahmaputra, and its future impact for Bangladesh’s water-intensive textile sector. By applying a qualitative approach, thispaper uses existing reports and literature to assess how upstream dam construction could impact water access for Bangladesh’s textile industry. Our analysis indicates that seasonal water diversion or disruption could significantly impact textile production capacity, particularly in northern and central zones reliant on the Brahmaputra for dyeing and washing processes (Restiani, 2017). The pressure on Bangladesh's economy becomes even more prevalent in the absence of any binding water-sharing agreement between China, India, and Bangladesh. With no clear regulations in place to manage how water is used or how large projects like dams are built upstream, millions of people downstream are left exposed. For Banglade sh itself, this couldbe translated as an urgency to address the livelihoods tied to its textile industry which could be put at immediate risk by decisions made far beyond its borders. (Manhas, 2025). In conclusion, the study underscores the urgent need for Bangladesh to strengthen its infrastructure andengage in strategic diplomacy to protect its textile-driven economy from the growing risks posedby upstream water control.

Developing a Deliberative Democracy Methodology to Support Meaningful Civil Society Participation: A Case Study of vTaiwan

Gusti Ayu Putu Indira Maha Rani — 2026-01-24

The transformation of public participation through digital governance offers new opportunities for achieving a more inclusive and accountable government. One of the most notable innovations in this field is vTaiwan, a technology based deliberative platform designed to bridge dialogue between the government and the public in the Republic of China (Taiwan). However,
participation generated through vTaiwan remains limited and has not yet reached the level of meaningful engagement as defined within the framework of substantive deliberative democracy. This study aims to analyze the characteristics, effectiveness, and challenges of vTaiwan as a new media in shaping political decision-making legitimacy through expanded
citizen involvement in policy making processes. The analysis focuses on three main aspects: the top-down nature of issue selection, the lack of emotional engagement from citizens in the deliberative process, and critiques of structural and conceptual limitations embedded within the platform’s design. Theoretical frameworks employed in this research include deliberative democracy theory and Arnstein’s ladder of participation. By utilizing a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review and in-depth case analysis, this study finds that the success of a deliberative platform is highly influenced by its ability to foster psychologically and emotionally meaningful participation. Therefore, it recommends the development of
deliberative methodologies that are not only procedurally open, but also capable of creating emotional resonance and psychological relevance for platform users.

Foreign Policy of South Korea: GSOMIA In the Yoon Suk-Yeol Era (2022–2024)

Harfi Swastika Wijayanti — 2026-01-24

The General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) is a military intelligence exchange agreement between South Korea and Japan signed in 2016. GSOMIA emerged in response to increasing regional security threats, particularly from North Korea. However, the bilateral relationship between South Korea and Japan, often plagued by historical tensions and political disputes, has impacted the dynamics of South Korea's foreign policy regarding this agreement. The change of presidential leadership from Moon Jae-In to Yoon Suk-Yeol indicates that this shift is very important in South Korea's foreign policy. In the previous administration, former President Moon Jae-In had considered terminating the GSOMIA agreement due to a trade dispute with Japan. Meanwhile, President Yoon Suk-Yeol's era demonstrated close relations with Japan and the United States. Under his leadership, GSOMIA was reaffirmed as important in facing regional security threats and strengthening South Korea's position amidst Indo-Pacific geopolitical competition. This research focuses on South Korea's policy towards GSOMIA between 2022 and 2024, covering the early period of President Yoon Suk -Yeol's administration. This study uses explanatory qualitative methods with secondary data sources to explain how leadership changes influence the direction of South Korea's foreign policy towards GSOMIA. Using the Foreign Policy Decision Making theory, this study analyzes the South Korean government's decisions to maintain and strengthen GSOMIA in terms of domestic politics, international context, and economic and military conditions.

Inclusive Communication in Disaster Management: A Systematic Literature Study of BPBD’s Strategy in Facing Floods

Muhammad Hilmy Aziz — 2026-01-24

Floods are the most frequent natural disaster in Indonesia, having a significant impact on people’s lives. In this context, effective communication strategies from local governments are crucial to enhancing preparedness and expediting disaster response. This study examines the communication strategies employed by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) in flood mitigation and response efforts in Indonesia, utilizing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Based on a review of six scientific articles that followed the PRISMA method, it was found that the BPBD’s primary strategies for disseminating disaster information include the use of social media, online applications, and disaster management information systems. This strategy is multi-platform and interactive, enabling the rapid dissemination of information and fostering public participation. However, the effectiveness of this strategy is hampered by challenges such as low digital literacy, limited technological infrastructure, and limited public participation in disaster simulations. Therefore, this study recommends a more inclusive and adaptive communication strategy through the integration of digital and conventional media, increased disaster education, and cross-sector collaboration to build a resilient and sustainable disaster communication system.

Democracy from Below: The CDD and Civil Oversight Practices in Nigeria’s Political System

Wirnandes R. H. Sihombing — 2026-01-24

This paper examines the role of the Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD) as a non -state actor performing a civil co-oversight function over the Nigerian government, and its relevance within the context of international relations. CDD is a civil society organization focused on strengthening democracy, governance, and sustainable development. Through policy research, advocacy, anticorruption campaigns, and election monitoring, CDD seeks to expand public participation and enhance state accountability. From an international relations perspective, CDD’s role reflects the involvement of non-state actors in global efforts to promote democracy and public oversight in the fulfillment of civil rights. This study also explores the dynamics of civil participation in Nigeria, which faces serious challenges, particularly in the security sector marked by internal conflict and terrorism. Using a qualitative approach based on literature review and secondary data analysis, this paper aims to assess the effectiveness of CDD as a civil co-oversight mechanism in governance and its implications for domestic stability and regional security. The analysis suggests that while CDD plays a significant role in promoting transparency, political and security constraints within Nigeria continue to limit its impact. These findings open up broader discussions about the contribution of civil society in the international system and how local democratic practices are closely linked to global governance structures.

Governance and Peace for Papua: Where is the Catholic Church?

Yusnan Hadi Mochtar — 2026-01-24

One of the oldest and largest transnational religious actors, the Catholic Church, had significant contributions in promoting peace around the globe. For example, the highest leader of the Church, Pope John Paul II opposed George W. Bush’s war policy in Iraq. This paper aims to contextualize the issue into a different case study, especially to the extent it responds to a crisis that takes place in Indonesia’s restive region, Papua. It is worth noting that Papua remains in prolonged conflict for decades between the government and armed groups who sought independence. Exploring the Church’s role in that issue matters to highlight the importance of non-state religious actors in peace governance which International Relations study tends to overlook, considering its nature that is very state-centric. There are two layers of analysis within this paper. First, it explored the notion of peace according to the Catholic Church. The second part demonstrated to what extent it participates in the peace governance in Papua. This research employs a qualitative methodology with desk reviews. It suggested that the Catholic Church has played a role to promote peace in Papua, despite there is internal split within the Church to advocate the issue. Popes’ visits to Indonesia and the effort to conduct Catholic international meetings were part of the peace advocacy.

Transparency and accountability in security policy: a study on the implementation of good governance in Southeast Asia

Aria Kamajaya — 2026-01-24

Security governance in Southeast Asia, particularly under ASEAN, is evolving amid pressures of regional cooperation and domestic political constraints. ASEAN member states strive to align national security policies with good governance principles like transparency and accountability but face challenges from historical legacies, institutional limitations, and geopolitical sensitivities. The ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) provides a normative framework aiming for cooperative security based on mutual respect, rule of law, and democratic governance. Yet implementation is uneven. Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines have made efforts such as publishing defense white papers and engaging in multilateral forums. However, these lack strong accountability mechanisms in areas like military budgeting, internal security operations, and intelligence oversight. ASEAN’s principle of non-interference restricts enforcement of governance standards. This limits the organization’s ability to address issues such as human rights abuses, corruption in the security sector, and weakening civilian control over the military. As a result, civil society engagement and public scrutiny remain limited. Still, ASEAN’s consensus-driven model and platforms like the APSC offer entry points for reform. Trust-building, peer reviews, and shared transparency norms could enable gradual progress. Yet such change relies on member states’ political will and stronger domestic institutions supporting democratic values. Improving transparency and accountability in ASEAN’s security governance is not only a normative goal but a strategic necessity. It fosters trust, strengthens state legitimacy, and contributes to regional peace. Thus, institutional capacity building, broader civil society involvement, and promotion of regional norms must be prioritized in ASEAN’s evolving security framework

Inclusive Governance Under Fire: Assessing the Breakdown of Border Management Between Thailand and Cambodia in 2023-2025

Aurel Aprillia Nur Rahma — 2026-01-24

A decades-long border dispute between Thailand and Cambodia resurfaced during the period from 2023 to 2025, revealing how fragile governance and the absence of inclusive mechanisms can escalate local tensions into regional instability. This study addresses three key questions: (1) What forms of governance failure are evident in this conflict? (2) Why did the failure occur? (3) What are the broader consequences of these governance breakdowns? Drawing on events such as unilateral military actions, failed bilateral negotiations, and politicized border management, the study identifies key indicators of governance failure, including fragmented institutional coordination, exclusionary decision-making, and disrupted political authority. These issues are rooted in nationalistic dominance, limited involvement of non-state actors, and poor bilateral communication. The conflict disrupted trade valued at over 170 billion baht annually, triggered reciprocal economic sanctions, and affected more than 12,000 border residents, impacting livelihoods, mobility, and public trust in governance. This paper argues that the crisis is not merely a diplomatic standoff, but a manifestation of structural governance failure, where mechanisms, authority, and responses failed to align. Without addressing these systemic mismatches, states risk perpetuating fragile border governance and recurring instability. Ultimately, inclusive and accountable governance is essential not only to resolve bilateral conflicts, but to fulfill global commitments to peace, justice, and strong institutions under SDG 16.

Competition for Natural Resources in the South China Sea: Geopolitical Analysis and Security in the Southeast Asian Region

Azzahra Valentina Putri Hermayanthi — 2026-01-24

The South China Sea conflict is a geopolitical issue involving China and Southeast Asian countries, including the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. In addition to being a strategically located region for trade routes, the South China Sea also possesses significant naturalresources, including oil, fisheries, and natural gas, which have led to territorial disputes and rivalries among several countries in the region. This study aims to analyze how these natural resources can influence the geopolitical situation and regional stability, particularly in Southeast Asian countries. This study uses descriptive analysis and a qualitative approach, with data collection techniques through literature review. The competition in the South China Sea can be analyzed through realism theory, with a security dilemma approach. According to (Morgenthau, 1949), realism is based on the assumption that the drive for power is a fundamental characteristic of inter-state relations, stemming from human nature itself. In the context of the South China Sea, territorial disputes not only reflect economic interests such as the exploitation of natural resources, but also strategic ambitions to maintain sovereignty and regional influence. The concept of the security dilemma, as proposed by (Ken Booth, 2008), explains that uncertainty about the intentions of one country can trigger a military response from another country China’s assertive actions heighten mistrust, creating a security paradox where efforts to increase security lead to greater instability. This study focuses on analyzing the geopolitical stability and security of the Southeast Asian region, as well as understanding the role of diplomacy and multilateral cooperation in the region.

The Rohingya Crisis and Regional Insecurity: A Conflict Analysis through Sandole’s Three-Pillar Approach

Firsty Chintya Laksmi Perbawani — 2026-01-24

The ethnic cleansing of more than 740,000 Rohingya from Myanmar since 2017 represents one of the most urgent threats to peace and human security in Southeast Asia. This paper applies Dennis Sandole’s three-pillar conflict analysis framework to critically examine the drivers, actors, and failed responses surrounding the Rohingya crisis. First, the root causes (pillar one) are traced to structural exclusion, including colonial legacies, Buddhist ethno-nationalism, and the 1982 Citizenship Law, which systematically denies the Rohingya legal identity. Second, the conflict involves (pillar two) complex actor dynamics, including the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw), nationalist political elites, regional governments, and the stateless Rohingya themselves. Third, the absence of effective resolution mechanisms (pillar three) is evident in ASEAN’s continued reliance on non-interference and consensus-building, which have proven inadequate in the face of state-sponsored violence. Through qualitative analysis of regional policy statements, UN reports, and diplomatic communications, this study argues that addressing the Rohingya crisis requires a shift from reactive diplomacy toward preventive, justice-based engagement. This paper contributes a theoretical and policy-relevant framework to strengthen ASEAN’s regional peace architecture and promote sustainable conflict transformation.

Building Resilient Maritime Institutions: Governance and Piracy Control in Southeast Asia

Mokhamad Saiful Farisin — 2026-01-24

Sea piracy has emerged as a significant maritime security challenge in Southeast Asia, disrupting trade and regional stability. This study employs the framework of good governance to analyze ASEAN’s efforts in addressing sea piracy. Using a descriptive method, the paper assesses ASEAN’s performance against sea piracy using 8 key governance pillars from UN. Findings reveal that ASEAN successfully implements several pillars, including participation, consensus oriented, and inclusiveness. However, other crucial pillars, particularly accountability, transparency, and rule of law remain underdeveloped. The ASEAN Way, with its emphasis on consensus and noninterference, often hinders progress on these pillars. Although framework like the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC), and forums like ASEANMaritime Forum (AMF), and ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC) exist, their impact is limited due to the lack of binding legal agreements, rendering many activities more symbolic than effective. In contrast, sub-regional collaborations such as the Malacca Strait Patrol (MSP) and the SuluSulawesi Sea Patrol (SSSP) demonstrate greater success by adopting direct, actionable measures. These initiatives involve countries most affected by piracy and are driven by shared interests, leading to tangible reductions in piracy incidents. Indonesia plays a pivotal role as a key initiator of such collaborative efforts, particularly in the MSP and SSSP, reflecting its strategic commitment to maritime security and regional stability. The study concludes that while ASEAN has made progress in governance principles, its institutional effectiveness remains constrained, highlighting the importance of complementary sub-regional cooperation to combat maritime threats effectively.

Trilateral Counterterrorism Cooperation in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines as a Model of Inclusive Governance for Regional Security

Rafli Adi Saputra — 2026-01-24

Since its establishment in 2017, the Trilateral Cooperative Arrangement (TCA), commonly known as Indomalphi, has marked a significant milestone in the collective effort of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines to address terrorism and transnational crime in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas. This maritime zone remains one of Southeast Asia’s most volatile areas, frequently exploited by transnational armed groups such as Abu Sayyaf and ISIS-affiliated networks for kidnappings, arms smuggling, and illicit recruitment. While initially centered on coordinated maritime patrols and intelligence sharing, Indomalphi has gradually evolved into a platform embodying inclusive governance in regionalsecurity: combining military coordination, maritime diplomacy, intelligence cooperation, and civil society participation through deradicalization programs and local capacity building. Employing a qualitative approach through literature review and policy analysis, this study evaluates the extent to which Indomalphi can be considered a model of inclusive governance in promoting good governance on peace and security. Findings indicate that the initiative has enhanced transparency and accountability among its member states, reduced bilateral security rivalries, and strengthened the legitimacy of counterterrorism policiesthrough multi-actor engagement. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including limited resources, uneven military capabilities, and reliance on shifting domestic political commitments.Ultimately, Indomalphi serves not only as a short-term security response but also as a regional diplomatic laboratory to test the effectiveness of inclusive security governance in conflict-prone maritime zones. The study concludes that Indomalphi’s relative success provides an important precedent for other Global South states in designing inclusive security cooperation frameworks that align with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Analysis of the Efforts of The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) in Handling Conflict in Mali 2013-2023

Alinda Rana Permata Surya — 2026-01-24

Since 2012, Mali has been experiencing a protracted conflict fueled by insurgency by the Tuareg and armed extremist groups, exacerbated by a military coup and weak state institutions. This situation has led to a deep security, political and humanitarian crisis. To response, the UN Security Council established MINUSMA in 2013 as a multidimensional stabilization mission. as a multidimensional stabilization mission with the objective of supporting the political transition and security restoration of security. However, a decade later, conditions in Mali remain unstable, raising questions regarding the effectiveness of this mission in creating long-term peace. This research utilizes Triple Peace theories and concepts that This study uses the theory and concept of Triple Peace, which includes peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding, which is analyzed as MINUSMA's strategy in creating stability in Mali. MINUSMA's strategy in creating stability in Mali. Peacekeeping is carried out through security patrols and civilian protection; peacemaking is analyzed as MINUSMA's strategy in creating stability in Mali. security patrols and protection of civilians; peacemaking through facilitation of dialogue and peace agreements between the government and armed groups. agreements between the government and armed groups; and peacebuilding is realized through infrastructure development and socioeconomic reintegration of ex-combatants. Despite these important achievements, the implementation of this mission was faced with obstacles such as low levels of confidence in the Malian government and unfavorable security dynamics. The withdrawal of MINUSMA's withdrawal in 2023 reflects the need for a more contextualized, adaptive and collaborative approach to peacekeeping in similar international missions

China’s Coercive Diplomacy and the Challenges to Global Governance

Annisa Ridhatul Khatimah — 2026-01-24

China’s foreign policy has been increasing massively in recent years, accompanied by the use of coercive diplomacy to alter other states’ behaviour. To align with its interests, China has set up some strategies through the use of threats or limited force in diplomatic persuasion, such as economic leverage (trade restrictions and investment limitations), political pressure, as well as diplomatic tactics. It is interesting to note that the coercive diplomacy employed by China has different specific targets and impacts. Thus, this research aims to examine the challenges caused by China’s coercive diplomacy, which has eroded the global norms. This research will also analyze the comparison of the implementation of China’s economic coercion against its rivals in the Indo-Pacific region, Australia and Japan, as a comparative case study. In the implementation, China has also had a unique approach by choosing different sectors with different motives. While Australia has faced targeted economic sanctions and trade restrictions, on the contrary, Japan has experienced territorial disputes and maritime incidents, sometimes leading to economic pressure. Meanwhile, there are similar responses from both countries by showing resilience and diversifying their economies and partnerships to mitigate China's influence. The result showed China’s influence has weakened current global governance norms and institutions, however, it creates a stronger collective resilience among targeted countries.

Inclusive Waste Governance Beyond Technical Solutions: A Case from Rural Indonesia

Nastasya Aisya Putri — 2026-01-30

This study critiques the dominance of technocratic approaches to waste management in Indonesia, which prioritize infrastructure and formal actors while neglecting social, cultural, and ecological dimensions. This case study was conducted in Ponggok Village, a tourist village in Central Java, categorized as developed and rich in water resources. Using the Integrated
Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) framework and an ecological approach, this study highlights the limitations of top-down interventions and calls for a more inclusive and contextual approach to environmental governance. The findings indicate that local ecological knowledge and community-based practices, such as community service and customary practices, remain marginalized in policy, and existing policies have not yet become official regulations. This study proposes a multi-level partnership involving local communities, tourism actors, village governments, and global environmental networks. By situating local waste management practices within the broader discourse on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and Goal 17 (Global Partnership for Goals), this paper contributes to the debate on environmental justice and inclusive sustainability. This research also confirms that recognizing the role of local agents is
key to building equitable and resilient environmental partnerships in the Global South.

Selective Solidarity and EU Migration Governance: Visegrad Responses Amid the Russia-Ukraine War

Firsty Chintya Laksmi Perbawani — 2026-01-30

The 2022 Russia-Ukraine war triggered one of the largest displacement crises in Europe since World War II, prompting varied migration responses across the continent. Notably, Visegrad countries: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Slovakia; exhibited selective migration policies, embracing Ukrainian refugees while maintaining restrictive stances toward asylum seekers from the Global South. This paper employs Anssi Paasi’s border framing theory and Matt McDonald’s securitization of migration framework to examine how peace and security are discursively constructed and operationalized through racialized and geopolitical lenses. Through discourse analysis of political speeches, policy documents, and media narratives from 2022 to 2024, the research reveals how the Visegrad states mobilize narratives of proximity, cultural affinity, and perceived threat to legitimize differentiated humanitarianism. The result is a “solidarity paradox” in which inclusion is framed not through universal human rights but through sele ctive identity-based securitization. This paradox not only undermines EU commitments to equitable asylum governance but also illustrates how borders are reimagined both symbolically and institutionally in times of crisis.

Diplomatic Relations between the Indonesian National Police and UNODC in Drug Eradication Efforts

Ibrahim Rasyid — 2026-01-24

Narcotics trafficking and abuse are forms of non-traditional security threats that are increasingly complex in the Southeast Asian region, especially Indonesia. Drugs not only have an impact on legal and public health aspects, but also threaten social, economic, and national security stability. This article examines the diplomatic relations between the Indonesian National Police (POLRI) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in drug eradication efforts, as well as their contribution to national and regional security resilience. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach to examine the dimensions of cooperation, the role of international actors, and forms of institutional support in handling narcotics crimes. The results of the study show that the Police-UNODC partnership includes strengthening institutional capacity, technical training, intelligence exchange, and integrating human rights principles in narcotics policy. This cooperation not only impacts the effectiveness of law enforcement, but also strengthens Indonesia's diplomatic position in global security governance. Therefore, the relationship between the National Police and UNODC is a relevant model of transnational cooperation in dealing with non-traditional threats based on cross border organized crime.

Non-Intervention as a Challenge to Advocacy Networks: A Case Study of Transnational Crime in the ASEAN Region

Septiyana Razak Priyatna — 2026-01-24

The rise of transnational crimes such as human trafficking, narcotics smuggling, and labor exploitation in online fraud schemes in Southeast Asia presents a serious ongoing challenge, especially due to the strong principle of non-intervention upheld by ASEAN member states. This research places the issue in the context of regional security and the role of civil society through transnational advocacy networks (TANs). Using a qualitative descriptive approach and referring to official reports and data from civil society organizations, this study analyzes how the principle of non-intervention and the weakness of regional law enforcement mechanisms are the main obstacles. The results show that although advocacy networks such as Amnesty International can
drive information, symbolism, and leverage politics, they are still limited in creating political accountability in Southeast Asia. The "boomerang pattern" put forward by Keck and Sikkink often fails due to the limited access of domestic actors to formal channels and the absence of coercive mechanisms in the ASEAN structure. This article emphasizes the need for normative reforms in regional organizations to make the response to transnational crime more effective

Indonesia's Role in Strengthening the Principles of Good Governance in UN Peacekeeping Operations: A Case Study of the Garuda Peacekeeping Force in Central Africa and Lebanon (2020–2025)

Shafa Diva Syaharani — 2026-01-24

This study examines Indonesia's role in strengthening good governance principles within United Nations peacekeeping operations, specifically analyzing the contributions of Garuda peacekeeping forces in Central Africa and Lebanon from 2020 to 2025. During this period, Indonesia actively participated in various peacekeeping missions, aiming to enhance transparency, accountability, participation, and overall effectiveness of these missions. Employing a qualitative methodology based on secondary data, including official UN mission reports, Indonesian governmental policy documents, academic literature, and relevant media reports, the study explores how Indonesia’s implementation of good governance principles influenced mission effectiveness and local stability. Findings suggest that Indonesia’s emphasis on transparency and accountability significantly improved trust between peacekeepers and local communities, thereby facilitating smoother mission operations and enhanced security outcomes. Additionally, the study identifies key supporting and constraining factors influencing Indonesia's efforts in promoting good governance within peacekeeping contexts. Ultimately, the research underscores the strategic importance of integrating robust good governance practices within peacekeeping operations as essential components for sustainable peace and regional stability, providing insights and recommendations beneficial for future international peacekeeping deployments.

Blended Learning Model Based on Educational Technology to Enhance Educational Inclusivity in Higher Education

Ahmad Royhan Firdaus — 2026-01-24

The inclusivity of higher education in Indonesia still faces serious challenges. BPS data (2023) shows that 23% of students outside Java are constrained by unstable internet networks, while a survey by the Ministry of Education and Culture (2022) reported that 1 in 6 students with disabilities experience significant obstacles in accessing digital materials. This condition is exacerbated by the World Bank's findings (2021) that 27% of students from low-income families are at risk of falling behind due to limited devices. These facts indicate that the traditional full online and face-to-face lecture system has not been able to guarantee equal access. Blended learning based on Educational Technology (EdTech) is a strategic solution by combining synchronous and asynchronous learning supported by accessibility features. A literature study of 40 articles published in 2015–2024 shows that the application of the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principle through automatic captions, short micro-lectures, transcripts, diverse assignment options, and learning analytics has been proven to be able to increase student participation by up to 30%, reduce the number of missed assignments by 20%, and strengthen student engagement and sense of belonging across backgrounds. The urgency of this research lies in the urgent need for universities to integrate EdTech-based blended learning models as a systemic policy, not just a lecturer initiative. The recommendations offered include strengthening access-friendly digital infrastructure, inclusive digital pedagogical training for lecturers, and institutional policies that ensure equal access to education for all students.

Global Initiatives for The Prevention of Child Marriage: A Case Study of Girls Not Brides in Indonesia

Azky Nur Kumala — 2026-01-24

Child marriage remains a pressing human rights violation in many regions of Indonesia. According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS, 2024), 5.9% of Indonesian women aged 20–24 were married before turning 18. This practice has wide-ranging consequences, particularly for girls, as it restricts access to education, heightens reproductive health risks, increases exposure to domestic violence, and sustains intergenerational poverty. Although the Indonesian government revised Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974 through Law No. 16 of 2019 to raise the legal minimum marriage age to 19, implementation continues to face serious socio-cultural and structural barriers, including deeply rooted social norms and persistent poverty. This study examines the strategies and effectiveness of global initiatives promoted by Girls Not Brides (GNB) in supporting child marriage prevention in Indonesia. Employing a literature review method, the research synthesizes evidence from scholarly publications, reports by international organizations, and documents from civil society groups. The findings demonstrate that GNB advances interventions through community-based engagement, comprehensive sexuality education, policy advocacy, and active youth participation as change agents. The effectiveness of these strategies depends on strong partnerships between global and local organizations, sensitivity to cultural values, and active involvement of government and community leaders. Based on the analysis, the study recommends reinforcing the integration of normative approaches that focus on reshaping cultural and social attitudes with structural approaches that strengthen legal frameworks and address economic inequalities. Such integration is essential to developing child marriage prevention policies in Indonesia that are sustainable, inclusive, and culturally responsive.

European Union’s Public Diplomacy to ASEAN through the EU-ASEAN Sustainable Connectivity Package – Higher Education Programme (SCOPE-HE) in 2024

Caren Ade Putri — 2026-01-24

This research aims to analyze the EU-ASEAN Sustainable Connectivity Package – Higher Education Programme (SCOPE-HE) in 2024 in supporting European Union public diplomacy towards ASEAN. The main focus in this research is to analyze how the SCOPE-HE programme can contribute in improving the quality of higher education level in ASEAN communities and provide pathways for accessibility and inclusiveness of education, and facilitate the development of graduate skills for the labor market through student exchanges between EU and ASEAN universities. This research adopts Joseph S. Nye. Jr’s soft power theory with a focus on the dimensions of public diplomacy. The research method uses the descriptive qualitative method with data collection technique in the form of literature studies and analysis of official documents from European Union and ASEAN and other related sources. Findings of this research show that the SCOPE-HE programme is implemented through enhanced student and academic mobility, strengthening networks between universities in the European Union and ASEAN, and building a connected and skilled workforce. This cooperation also involves various parties such as NUFFIC and DAAD as international organizations although the main funding comes from the European Union itself

Practicing Social Inclusion for Marginalized Children: A Participatory Partnership Children's International Summer Village (CISV) and Yayasan Kampus Diakonia Modern (KDM) Jakarta in the ‘Mosaic’ Program 2021

Syifaniar Ramadhanny — 2026-01-24

Inter-agency collaboration plays a strategic role in supporting efforts to empower children and marginalized communities facing complex challenges. Through cross-sector synergy, various agencies can integrate resources, expertise, and service coverage to create more effective, inclusive, and sustainable interventions. This collaboration fosters better coordination in program implementation, ensures comprehensive protection, and strengthens communities' capacity for self-reliance. This study examines the role of international collaboration in promoting social inclusion and empowerment among underprivileged children, focusing on the partnership between INGO Children’s International Summer Villages (CISV) and Yayasan Kampus Diakonia Modern (KDM Foundation). In 2021, the two organizations worked together through CISV’s Mosaic program, is a community-based initiative that engages marginalized children particularly ‘street children’ through interactive and locally grounded educational activities. The program is designed to foster 3 areas development such as attitudes, skills, and knowledge, supporting CISV’s broader goal of providing meaningful, long-term educational experiences beyond its well-known summer camps. By integrating crosssectoral resources, expertise, and outreach capabilities, the collaboration between CISV and KDM reflects a strategic approach on addressing the complex challenges faced by vulnerable communities. The study employs a qualitative research design, using indepth interviews as the primary data source, complemented by media reports, program documentation, CISV and KDM’s official online platform. It analyzes how the shared efforts of CISV and KDM contribute to inclusive development outcomes, with particular attention to social integration and empowerment for children in vulnerable situations. This research offers insights into best practices for international partnerships aimed at promoting child welfare, community development, and long-term social inclusion.

Mitigating Conflicts in the New National Capital City (IKN)

Bayu Aji S.J — 2026-01-24

The relocation of Indonesia’s capital city has the potential to trigger conflicts across various domains due to population movement and the interactions that will emerge. This study examines the potential conflicts that may arise from such relocation, drawing on historical cases by analyzing the root causes, conflict resolution processes, and conflict transformations. The objective is to address the question of how the government can develop effective strategies to prevent conflicts during the construction and migration to the new capital. This research employs a literature review method. Findings indicate that past conflicts provide insights into potential triggers in the new capital (IKN), which may stem from cultural, economic, political, and religious factors. Accordingly, the following mitigation measures are proposed: (1) Cultural factor, ensuring equitable treatment across economic, political, cultural, and religious dimensions, with freedom and equality for all; (2) Economic factor, promoting equitable prosperity and minimizing socio-economic disparities between indigenous and migrant communities; (3) Political factor, ensuring equal access and opportunities to acquire and utilize resources, including strategic positions in society; and (4) Religious factor, reinforcing the values of unity and their implementation in daily social life. These mitigation measures aim to prevent conflict and maintain social stability in the new capital.

Promoting Social Inclusion through Inclusive Civil Service Management: A Case Study of Human Resource Public Sector at The Ministry of Finance, Indonesia

Muhammad Ishak — 2026-01-24

This study highlights the importance of the principle of social inclusion in public sector human resource management, focusing on the human resource cycle at the Ministry of Finance, from recruitment, development, and retention to termination or retirement. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research analyzes policy documents, institutional reports, and interviews with HR managers and employees from vulnerable groups. The findings show that although the Ministry of Finance has introduced several affirmative policies—such as special positions for persons with disabilities, gender-friendly facilities, and flexible work arrangements—the implementation of inclusion remains hindered by limited development mapping, low fulfillment of affirmative positions, inaccessible training curricula, managerial bias linking disability with low performance, and inadequate transition support for employees who are ill or facing early retirement. The study argues that social inclusion should not stop at the recruitment stage but must be treated as a continuous cycle ensuring equal opportunities throughout the career path. Recommendations include developing an inclusive data system for talent pipelines, expanding gender- and disability-responsive training curricula, integrating inclusivity indicators into performance appraisals and employee satisfaction surveys, and creating more adaptive post employment transition programs. This research contributes to the enrichment of inclusive public management literature and supports the achievement of SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) and SDG 16 (Peaceful, Just, and Inclusive Institutions).

Framing Inclusive Peace: ASEAN Soft Power Strategy in the Women, Peace and Security Agenda (2017–2023)

Fitra Shafa Humaira — 2026-01-24

Starting in 2017, ASEAN began to raise the agenda of Women, Peace and Security (WPS) as part of diplomatic efforts that uphold global values. The study examines how ASEAN builds a strategic approach to WPS through the process of formulating problems, finding root causes, and developing normative responses. The study refers to important ASEAN policy documents for the period 2017–2021. The process illustrates how global norms are absorbed and adapted to the regional context to build ASEAN's image as a peaceful and inclusive region, in line with SDG 5 and SDG 16 targets. The research aims to analyze how ASEAN frames the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda as part of the region’s soft power strategy during 2017-2021. Using a qualitative descriptive method, this research uses secondary data-based sources such as official ASEAN documents, cooperation reports with UN Women, and regional forums. This study contributes to filling the gap in research related to the role of ASEAN value diplomacy in building an inclusive and peaceful regional image.

GovTech and the Paradox of Digital Inclusion in Indonesia: Innovation Policy in Practice

Novy Setia Yunas — 2026-01-24

This study examines Indonesia's role in strengthening good governance principles within United Nations peacekeeping operations, specifically analyzing the contributions of Garuda
peacekeeping forces in Central Africa and Lebanon from 2020 to 2025. During this period,
Indonesia actively participated in various peacekeeping missions, aiming to enhance
transparency, accountability, participation, and overall effectiveness of these missions.
Employing a qualitative methodology based on secondary data, including official UN mission reports, Indonesian governmental policy documents, academic literature, and relevant media reports, the study explores how Indonesia’s implementation of good governance principles influenced mission effectiveness and local stability. Findings suggest that Indonesia’s emphasis on transparency and accountability significantly improved trust between peacekeepers and local communities, thereby facilitating smoother mission operations and enhanced security outcomes. Additionally, the study identifies key supporting and constraining factors influencing Indonesia's efforts in promoting good governance within peacekeeping contexts. Ultimately, the research underscores the strategic importance of integrating robust good governance practices
within peacekeeping operations as essential components for sustainable peace and regional stability, providing insights and recommendations beneficial for future international peacekeeping deployments.

Rethinking Inclusion in the Age of Political Disruption: Lessons from East Java’s 2024 Local Elections

Novy Setia Yunas — 2026-01-24

The 2024 local elections in East Java, Indonesia, unfolded amid profound socio political transformations shaped by rapid digitalization and demographic shifts. This study investigates how political disruption manifested through the dominance of young voters, the rise of digital campaigning, and the transformation of political communication reshaped local electoral dynamics and redefined patterns of inclusion and exclusion. Employing a qualitative exploratory approach, data were collected through in depth interviews with political actors, participatory observation during campaigns and content analysis of digital media and electoral documents. Critical discourse analysis was applied to uncover how power relations and political narratives were constructed in digitally mediated spaces. The findings reveal that digital disruption has reconfigured political patronage, shifting legitimacy from authority based structures to popularity and online influence. While this creates new opportunities for participation, particularly for younger voters, it also entrenches exclusionary dynamics affecting rural communities, older citizens and digitally disadvantaged groups. Without inclusive policy frameworks and digital equity measures, political disruption risks deepening existing social inequalities. By situating East Java as a lens for examining broader national dynamics, this study contributes to debates on democratic innovation, digital politics and the imperative of inclusive governance in evolving democracies of the Global South.

God, Goals, and Grassroots: Exploring the Nexus Between Faith-Based Organizations and the Localization of the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia

Sarah Anabarja — 2026-01-24

The implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia meets great challenges. The minimum knowledge and awareness of most Indonesian people towards SDGs become problem for SDGs to be reached. This normative-conceptual study explores strategic role of Islamic and Christian faith-based organizations (FBOs) in advancing SDGs literacy in Indonesia by aligning religious values with global development agendas. Within Islamic framework, this study draws on literature that emphasizes maqāṣid al-sharīʿah as theological foundation that affirms the SDGs’ compatibility with principles of justice, welfare, and protection of fundamental human rights in Islam. Meanwhile, the Christian dimension is examined through an interview with pastor-educator and critical engagement with Christian social teachings, including diaconia, human dignity, and justice, all of which reinforce SDG principles. This study underscores theological convergence between both traditions, framing SDGs as shared moral and spiritual mandate. The study uses theory of norm localization to explain how global development norms are adapted to local situations. This framework shows how religious views change meaning of global norms and how they are applied in specific situations. Concepts such as raḥmatan lil-ʿālamīn in Islam and diaconia in Christianity provide fertile ground for interfaith cooperation in realizing the SDGs’ core vision to “leave no one behind.” Accordingly, the study comprises four core components. First, analysis of existing SDG related programs and FBO initiatives in Indonesia. Second, theological convergence assessment. Third, identification of interfaith collaboration models. Fourth, recommendations for value based partnerships. This study affirms the potential of religious non-state actors as effective grassroots diplomats in sustainable development.

Social Inclusion and Informal Recruitment in Women-Led Microenterprises: A Case Study from South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sri Astuti Nasir — 2026-01-24

This study explores informal recruitment practices and their contribution to social inclusion in women-led micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Employing a qualitative case study approach through in-depth interviews and field observations, the research reveals that recruitment based on trust, kinship, and social networks opens access to employment for marginalized groups such as women with low educational backgrounds, single mothers, and those excluded from the formal labor market. These mechanisms function not only as efficiency strategies but also as instruments of socio-economic empowerment at the community level. However, the absence of formal contracts and social protection places workers in a vulnerable position. Findings further show that social capital, particularly family ties, fosters loyalty and solidarity while simultaneously limiting openness to external networks. On the other hand, digital transformation through social media platforms such as Facebook and TikTok expands market reach, creates additional job opportunities, and supports broader social inclusion. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of informal recruitment, social capital, and digitalization dimensions in building the resilience of women-led MSMEs. Theoretically, this study contributes to the literature on human resource management in the informal sector; practically, it offers strategic recommendations for MSMEs and inclusive policies to strengthen gender-based economic resilience in the digital era.

Long-term Impacts of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict on the Black Sea in 2022-2024 on Maritime Environmental Change: An Ecological Analysis

Anna Gabriella Feliciana Mokodompit — 2026-01-24

The Black Sea conflict is a geopolitical and military conflict that is still ongoing today. It involves strategic rivalries between Russia, Ukraine, and some NATO countries (especially after Russia invaded Ukraine again in 2022). This research was conducted to analyze the long-term impacts on the Black Sea ecosystem itself arising from the conflict. Using a literature review as well as analyzing secondary data from environmental reports and academic literature, this research revealed that prolonged conflict can also accelerate the degradation of marine ecosystems. Military activities such as underwater exploitation, combat ship movements, and airstrikes have caused negative impacts in the form of marine pollution, damage to coral ecosystems, and a decline in the number of marine species in the region. In addition, unstable geopolitical conditions have worsened the collective marine resource management system among countries bordering the Black Sea, which in turn hinders transboundary conservation measures. The research concludes that conflicts in the Black Sea region not only affect the security sector and political dynamics, but also bring serious threats to ecosystems that have the potential to damage environmental balance at the regional level. Thus, this research encourages the importance of implementing environment-based diplomacy and strengthening cooperation between countries in the marine sector as a strategic effort to reduce the long-term damage caused by ongoing conflicts.

Challenges in EU–Indonesia Climate Cooperation: Pathways to Improve Inclusivity and Environmental Resilience in Indonesia

Asyer Abednego Runkat — 2026-01-24

Indonesia is facing escalating climate-related threats, including sea-level rise, forest degradation, and the intensification of natural disasters. In response, the Indonesian government has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 29% unconditionally and 41% with international support by 2030, with a broader goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2060 or earlier. Cooperation with the European Union (EU) plays a critical role in supporting these national targets. Through institutions such as the European Commission and the European Investment Bank (EIB), the EU allocated €28.5 billion in 2022 to support climate action in partner countries, including Indonesia. However, this cooperation continues to face several challenges, such as unequal financial flows, limited coordination, and programs that often lack sensitivity to local needs and contexts. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method using literature review as the main data source to examine both the structural barriers and strategic opportunities within the EU–Indonesia climate partnership. The findings underscore the need for improved knowledge-sharing, transparent climate financing, community engagement, and stronger national ownership in project implementation. Without addressing these gaps, the effectiveness and sustainability of the cooperation may remain limited. This paper argues that renewing EU–Indonesia climate cooperation through more inclusive, context-responsive approaches and a focus on recipient-country capacity-building can meaningfully contribute to strengthening Indonesia’s environmental resilience and support a more balanced and just global climate governance framework.

Indonesia's Efforts in Supporting Asia Zero Emission Community (AZEC) Joint Goals as Global Collective Action 2022-2024

Jeconia Meriel Orisha Simanungkalit — 2026-01-24

The Asia Zero Emission Community (AZEC) was established by Japan and has been agreed
upon by 11 partner countries since 2022 consequently to the environmental issues affecting Asian countries. Indonesia, as one of AZEC’s initiators, has been actively working to achieve AZEC's common goals, supporting energy transition and green economy in the Asian region. This paper aims to analyze Indonesia's efforts in supporting AZEC’s common goals as a regional community focused on reducing carbon emissions as a form of Global Collective Action (GCA). Todd Sandler's concept of GCA shows that complex modern global challenges and their interrelatedness can only be effectively addressed through joint and coordinated action between countries and other transnational actors, since they exceed the capacity of a single entity. AZEC represents GCA through regional cooperation in Asia, addressing the challenge of zero emissions. AZEC represents institutional neoliberalism’s principles regarding the role of international institutions in facilitating cooperations for global goals. This research uses a descriptive qualitative methodology. The research data was obtained through a comprehensive literature study on Indonesia's efforts to support AZEC's common goals. Carbon emissions are a global issue that cannot be resolved independently, requiring joint efforts to address them. Indonesia’s endeavor to contribute to AZEC by setting Net Zero Emission (NZE) target for 2030 as a national goal that continues to be realized. Indonesia has also undertaken several global collective efforts involving collaboration between government sectors, private sectors, and cross-border communities, supporting the goals of energy transition and green economy in the Asian region.

Marginalized Inclusivity: Deforestation, Indigenous Peoples, and Environmental Diplomacy in Southeast Asia

Neola Hestu Prayogo — 2026-01-24

In various parts of Southeast Asia, tropical forests, once a source of life and cultural identity for indigenous communities, are now threatened by large-scale development ambitions. Projects such as new capital cities, infrastructure expansion, and the development of food zones have paved the way for massive deforestation. Unfortunately, in this process, indigenous peoples are often seen as obstacles, not as the rightful owners of the lands they have cared for centuries. Forest loss for indigenous communities is not simply the loss of trees or land for them, but it is the loss of homes, history, and futures. Ignoring land rights in the name of infrastructure development will inevitably result in a double crisis of environmental damage and
marginalization of indigenous communities. In situations like this, environmental diplomacy can no longer rely solely on a technocratic approach. An inclusive approach is needed, one that views indigenous peoples not as victims but as key partners in preserving the Earth. This paper will further examine how environmental diplomacy at the bilateral and regional levels, particularly in Southeast Asia, needs to involve indigenous peoples actively in its implementation. Actively involving indigenous peoples by recognizing their rights and making them an integral part of decision-making will increase inclusivity, accountability, legitimacy, and sustainability.

Preservation and Conservation of the Rainforest of Papua New Guinea as an Attempt to Reclaim the Commons

Nurul Wahyuningtyas — 2026-01-24

The issue of deforestation and the shrinking of tropical rainforest areas has raised concerns about the preservation and protection of rainforests. This article explores concepts/themes related to rainforest conservation in Papua New Guinea and the concept of 'reclaiming the commons'. It analyzes the challenges posed by deforestation, land privatization and corporate exploitation while emphasizing the role of community-led initiatives, indigenous knowledge and global partnerships. By examining case studies such as the Yupno-Uruwa-Sam Rivers Conservation Area (YUS CA), FORCERT, and the AIM4Forests program, the article highlights strategies to protect Papua New Guinea's rainforests, and restore collective management in collaboration with local indigenous communities with their traditional ecological knowledge to sustainably conserve the natural resources within them.

Ecocentrism in Petkuq Mehuey on Dayak Wehea, East Kutai-East Kalimantan

Sari Mulyani — 2026-01-24

This study examines Petkuq Mehuey, the local wisdom of the Dayak Wehea community in protecting the Wehea forest in East Kalimantan. Wehea Forest is one of the most productive forests, helping to reduce vulnerability and protect wildlife from the impacts of climate change, while also maintaining a favorable microclimate in Kalimantan. From an ecocentric perspective, this paper examines the local wisdom efforts of the Dayak Wehea indigenous community in Nehas Liah Bing Village, East Kutai, East Kalimantan, in safeguarding this forest area. The findings indicated that the patrol group formed by the community contributed to maintaining a temporary balance between humans and nature. The recognition by the local-level government of the communities’ existence and their experiences in preserving the forest helped avoid any potential relocation. Unfortunately, a partial understanding of environmental issues from the national government and no comprehensive legal regulations for the recognition and protection of indigenous people, made them vulnerable to land conversion for mining and palm oil plantations exploitation over the last decade. A qualitative case-study methodology was chosen to analyze the case. The data was collected from in-depth interviews with the village elder and official government documents. The data from NGOs reports, journal articles, and reliable news media are being added as the triangulation to meet the validity and reliability of the research. This article contributes to sustainable development studies, where ecocentrism has become one of the developed theoretical frameworks addressing climate change issues, but still predominantly focuses on ecological sustainability, ecosystem restoration, and responsible management. This empirical case enriches the discourse on the strategic role of the indigenous community as a preventive measure in countering environmental destruction from the Global South perspective.

Toward a Resilient ASEAN: Reframing Food Security Through Inclusive Climate Adaptation in the Marine Fisheries Sector

Vergita Triwahyu — 2026-01-24

Numerous studies have observed that climate change has a tangible impact on marine fish catches, subsequently affecting the incomes of fishers and food security in ASEAN countries that heavily rely on this sector, such as the Philippines, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Thailand. This study aims to examine the impacts of climate change on the productivity of the marine fisheries sector and to formulate inclusive and contextual adaptation strategies for ASEAN members as highlighted in the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC), as part of the regional agenda to protect food security and economic growth. Using a qualitative approach, this study synthesizes theoretical and empirical research to investigate how the climate crisis affects the income and food security of small-scale fishers in ASEAN countries, with a particular focus on Indonesia. Indonesia was selected as the case study due to its characteristics as a maritime nation with a dominant marine industry and national policies that prioritize this sector. The findings indicate that adaptation strategies implemented within the fisheries sector hold significant potential in reducing the climate-related risks faced by smallscale fishers. The study highlights the importance of community-based fisheries management and marine conservation as integral components of climate adaptation approaches. Governments are encouraged to align supply chain investments with sustainably managed fisheries, implement disincentives for destructive fishing practices, and develop performancebased incentive schemes as part of ASEAN's collective efforts to ensure the sustainability of marine resources and regional food security.

The Paradox of Unintended Green Protectionism in Trump’s 2025 Trade Tariffs with Implications for Climate Justice and Economic Inequality

Feby Rachma Alfi Dhiandra — 2026-01-24

This study analyzes the paradox of the protectionist policy “Liberation Day,” launched by President Donald Trump at the beginning of his second term in 2025. The policy was introduced to protect domestic industries, reduce the trade deficit, and stimulate economic growth. However, the broad tariffs imposed instead triggered a contraction in global trade and a temporary decline in carbon emissions in the maritime sector, a phenomenon referred to as unintended green protectionism. These environmental benefits did not stem from an energy transition but rather from an economic slowdown. The research adopts a descriptive qualitative approach through a single instrumental case study. Data were drawn entirely from secondary sources, including official government documents, reports from international organizations, and academic literature. The analysis employed content analysis to classify the impacts of the policy, while the Rational Actor Model was applied to examine the economic and political calculations underlying Trump’s decision. The findings reveal that the emission reductions were temporary and unjust, with implications for the weakening of international climate finance commitments. This outcome contradicts the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), as developing countries bear greater burdens due to reduced financial support. The policy’s impact also created a Prisoner’s Dilemma dynamic in global trade, with countries retaliating through reciprocal tariff measures. This study highlights the urgency of examining protectionist policies that generate illusory environmental benefits, as such measures risk undermining international climate finance, contradict the CBDR principle, and exacerbate the vulnerability of developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia.

The Role of Climate Diplomacy in Supporting City Carbon Trading Schemes in Indonesia: A Case Study of East Kalimantan and Jakarta

Masito Ilmia — 2026-01-24

Climate change is a global challenge that demands cross-border cooperation through an inclusive approach. Indonesia's commitment to the Paris Agreement and its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) targets is realised through Presidential Regulation No. 98 of 2021 concerning the Economic Value of Carbon, which regulates the implementation of carbon trading schemes as a market-based emission reduction instrument. This study aims to examine the role of Indonesian climate diplomacy in supporting the implementation of carbon trading at the local level, using case studies in Jakarta and East Kalimantan, two regions with distinct characteristics and policy approaches. The research employed a qualitative approach with a comparative case study method, and data was collected through analysis of national and international policy documents. The results show that Jakarta focuses on the energy and transportation sectors, while East Kalimantan emphasizes the forestry and energy transition sectors. Conversely, Indonesia's climate diplomacy affirms its strategic position on the global stage by promoting market-based approaches, climate justice, and equitable global partnerships. These findings demonstrate a close relationship between local policies and Indonesia's foreign diplomacy strategy, with regions playing a crucial role in supporting international narratives and commitments. This study concludes that the success of carbon trading schemes as an inclusive environmental protection instrument depends on the synergy between climate diplomacy, national regulations, and local capacity.

Analysis of China's Investment Strategy: A case study of China's Clean Energy Transformation 2024 on energy security

Mohammad Badrudin — 2026-01-24

China currently stands as the world’s largest energy consumer. China’s energy consumption is accounting for approximately 25% of global energy demand, and is projected to increase annually. This study aims to examine China’s strategic approach to achieving energy security through extensive investments in clean energy. In response to growing energy consumption and
the imperative to ensure long-term sustainability, China has initiated a significant transition toward renewable energy sources as part of its national resilience strategy. Based on the theoretical framework of energy security, this research investigates the nexus between statedriven policy interventions and China’s clean energy transformation. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on case studies and data derived from official government sources, peer-reviewed journals, policy reports, and credible news outlets. The findings reveal a substantial reduction in fossil fuel reliance alongside a marked increase in non-fossil energy consumption between 2018 and 2024. iChina’s strategic orientation toward clean energy transformation has directly contributed to the enhancement of non-fossil energy supply, thereby reinforcing its energy security agenda. Ultimately, this transition underscores China's pursuit of a self-sufficient and long-term energy security framework grounded in renewable energy development.

Eco is the New Equal: Mapping Green Consumer Trends and Inclusive Environmental Growth in Southeast Asia

Nur Fadilah Ayu Sandira — 2026-01-24

In recent years, Southeast Asia has experienced growing environmental concerns alongside increasing efforts toward inclusive and sustainable development. Amid these changes, green consumer behavior has emerged as a key factor shaping environmental outcomes. This study examines the relationship between green consumer trends and inclusive environmental growth in five ASEAN countries. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam using secondary data from 2020 to 2024. Green consumer trends are measured through digital interest in sustainability issues (Google Trends) and the market size of electric vehicles (EV Sales Share), while inclusive environmental growth is represented by the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and access to clean energy (clean cooking). Regression analysis reveals that digital interest does not significantly affect either indicator, whereas EV market size shows a positive and significant effect on access to clean cooking but no significant effect on EPI. These findings indicate that green market transformation is more directly reflected in energy inclusion indicators than in aggregate environmental performance. The study highlights the strategic importance of sustainable marketing and clean cooking investment in fostering inclusive environmental growth in Southeast Asia.

Indonesia–US Partnership for Sustainable Renewable Energy (2022–2024): Promoting Sustainable Development and Green Economy

Rifda Najah Widad — 2026-01-24

This research aims to analyze Indonesia and The United States cooperations in sustainable renewable energy at 2022-2024 for promoting and supporting sustainable development and green economy. To ensure the comprehensive analysis, this research will utilize two concepts as the foundation. These concepts contain the green economy concept and the sustainable development concept. Green economy concept by Jose A. Puppim which is defined as the growth in the economy should be driven by investment that reduces carbon emissions, enhances energy and prevents the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem. The secondary concept is sustainable development by Sergey and Michal which is defined as increasing responsibility for achieving a balance between current and future needs. This research is a qualitative descriptive method to identify the steps, implementation, and outcomes of the cooperation. Authors use secondary data from official bilateral agreement, government reports, news, journals, and secondary sources from credible institutions. US-Indonesia partnership priority capacity building, technology transfer, and direct investment to support the sustainability of the energy and the environment. In 2023, the United States and Indonesia created an agreement in collaboration in sustainability energy and minerals. This agreement was marked with signing a Memorandum of Understanding that also supported the Energy Resources Governance Initiative (ERGI) and Clean Energy Demand Initiative (CEDI). The partnership between Indonesia and the US reflects a strategic cooperation to reach sustainable energy and to implement the green economy.

The European Union’s Efforts to Formulate Energy Policy Following the 2022–2023 Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Salwah Shofwatul Muhibbiin — 2026-01-24

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine triggered a significant energy crisis for the European Union, which had long depended on natural gas supplies from Russia. This dependency exposed structural vulnerabilities within the region’s energy system, prompting the EU to urgently formulate a more resilient and sustainable energy policy. This study aims to analyze the formulation process of the EU’s post-invasion energy policy through a supranational approach and the co-decision mechanism, while also evaluating the policy’s effectiveness using the Four As framework (Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability, and Affordability). A qualitative descriptive method is employed, drawing upon policy documents and relevant literature. The findings indicate that the REPowerEU policy serves as a milestone in Europe’s energy transition by diversifying energy sources, accelerating the adoption of renewable energy, and strengthening cross-border energy infrastructure. Beyond addressing the immediate crisis, the policy also reflects a deepening of regional political integration in energy matters. The study concludes that crises can act as positive catalysts for energy policy transformation and the reinforcement of supranational solidarity within the European Union.

Global Marketing Strategy Marvel: Black Panther (Wakanda Forever) in Indonesia (2022-2023)

Farah Nathaniel Octaviani — 2026-01-24

Marvel Studios as one of the leading entities in the Hollywood film industry plays an important role in promoting super hero-themed movies to the global market. Marvel's success not only in its production quality and compelling storylines, but also in its effective marketing strategies in building and maintaining its brand popularity in different countries. While various marketing strategies have been implemented and achieved success, there is a research gap regarding an in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of Marvel Studios global marketing strategy for "Black Panther: Wakanda Forever" in Indonesia in 2022-2023. However, existing studies focus more on aspects of marketing communication in general or on other films, as well as on reception analysis and gender representation in films. Therefore, research that specifically analyzes the global marketing strategy of "Black Panther: Wakanda Forever" using IMC (Integrated Marketing Communication) in Indonesia is needed to better understand how the strategy affects local awareness and the success of the movie in the Indonesian market. By using descriptive qualitative research methods with sources such as journals, web, articles and related news. The results showed that Marvel through its movie black panther: Wakanda Forever in 2022 - 2023 has used IMC elements in the marketing strategy of launching the film in Indonesia.

Analysis of Inclusive Economic Growth in Reducing Poverty in Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara

Maria B. Ringa — 2026-01-24

Inclusive economic growth is a major concern in sustainable development efforts, especially in the context of poverty alleviation. This study aims to analyze the extent to which economic growth in Kupang Regency, a region in East Nusa Tenggara, is inclusive and its impact on poverty alleviation. The inclusiveness of economic growth is measured based on the participation of all levels of society in the growth process and the equitable distribution of the benefits generated, regardless of social, economic, or geographical background. Kupang Regency, with its natural resources and tourism potential, has its own opportunities and challenges in achieving equitable economic growth that reaches all of its residents. The research method used in this study is a quantitative approach using relevant secondary data. The data analyzed includes economic growth data for Kupang Regency over the past few years, poverty rate data, and other indicators relevant to inclusive growth, such as labor force participation rates, access to education and health services, and income inequality rates. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction, taking into account variables that affect inclusive growth. The results of the study show that, in general, economic growth in Kupang Regency has tended to be more inclusive over the past 5 years. Although during certain periods, economic growth has not been fully inclusive in terms of poverty reduction, there are indications that economic growth has begun to involve more segments of Society and has had a positive impact on reducing poverty rates.

Analysis of Huawei Revenue Through Post-Tire Technology Patent From United States

Mochammad Iqbal Hanafi — 2026-01-24

The competition between the United States and China is shifting to technological dominance, especially in the development of 5G technology dominance. Huawei, as one of China's largest technology companies, has been a target of US sanctions since 2019 related to alleged threats to national security and espionage. The sanctions restrict Huawei's access to critical components from American companies, including software and vital components, thus affecting its global expansion strategy, including in the US market. Huawei took an adaptive approach through new strategies to maintain its existence and expand its reach amid political and economic pressures from several powerful countries. Therefore, this study analyzed the 4C (Customer Solution, Customer Cost, Convenience, and Communication) to show the strategy of survival and adaptability in the midst of US sanctions. This research uses an explanatory qualitative research method with previous literature such as academic journals, company reports, and relevant financial data. The results of this study show that US sanctions did not derail Huawei, but rather pushed its business strategy to become more sustainable, and resilient to geopolitical pressures.

Analysis Of The Motives Of China's FDI To Malaysia In Bilateral Cooperation In 2019 - 2024 Through The Oil Dunning Approach

Alvino Adian Denata Subarkah — 2026-01-24

Malaysia is one of the main destination countries for Chinese investment, where the flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) showed a significant increase throughout 2019-2024. This study aims to analyze the main motives of Chinese companies in conducting FDI into Malaysia, especially in the infrastructure, manufacturing, and technology sectors, using the Eclectic
Paradigm approach or the OLI (Ownership, Location, Internalization) theory from John H. Dunning. The method used is descriptive qualitative, with data sources in the form of official reports, academic publications, and interviews. The results show that investment motives are driven by Ownership factors in the form of capital strength, mastery of technology, and
superior human resources; Location factors in the form of Malaysia's strategic position in the ASEAN region; and Internalization factors in the form of the need for Chinese companies to directly control operational processes to minimize risk. In addition, it was found that regulatory stability and long-term policy support from the Malaysian government were also
the main attractions. Analysis through the OLI approach proved to be able to explain the rational economic logic behind the investment decisions of Chinese companies.

Dynamics and Prospects of ASEAN and GCC Multisectoral Cooperation: From Regional Diplomacy to Economic Integration

Iftah Al Aqliyah — 2026-01-24

As seen by the creation of institutions like ASEAN and the GCC, regional cooperation has
emerged as a key factor in economic growth and stability. Even though both regions have
engaged in organized communication since 2007, there is still a lack of institutional integration,
which limits the growth of trade and economic connections. The dynamics and future of
ASEAN-GCC collaboration are examined in this study using a qualitative descriptive literature
review based on scholarly sources, IO reports, and official documents. The results show that
collaboration has progressively grown into a multisectoral structure. The foundation of the
partnership is energy, with the GCC investing in low-carbon and renewable technology in the
area and supplying hydrocarbons to meet ASEAN's demand. Trade and investment flows are
interdependent. ASEAN exports electronics, machinery, and agricultural products, whilst the
GCC provides oil, petrochemicals, and cash for infrastructure initiatives. The liberal
institutionalist presumption that interdependence promotes stability is reflected in the
continued expansion of participation through education, cultural exchanges, and crisis
management cooperation. However, a number of difficulties still exist. Investment flows
continue to be unbalanced, comprehensive free trade agreements have not been reached, and
concerns about migrant worker protection underscore the limitations of institutional
frameworks. Notwithstanding these obstacles, member state-to-state bilateral efforts maintain
collaboration and offer useful paths toward strengthening ties. All things considered,
ASEAN-GCC relations show a trend of increasing reliance with a great deal of room to develop
into more formalized institutional and economic integration.

Trade Governance ofthe WTO and Developmental Dilemmas of Developing Countriesin the case of Indonesia’s Nickel Ban.

Khairil Ramadhani — 2026-01-24

This paper explores the dynamic interaction between developing and developed countries and the WTO as an international trade regime. More specifically, It discusses the structural rigidity and strategic choices faced by developing countries within the body of the WTO. It will show the role of the WTO as an economic liberal organization interacting with Indonesia as a developing country pursuing resource nationalism by looking at the case of Indonesia’s nickel
export ban policy. Using World-System Theory and Regime Theory, the paper argues that while the WTO institutionalizes a global trade regime that favors developed (core) countries and limits policy space for industrialization and resource nationalism in the Global South, developing countries like Indonesia continue to participate. This is motivated by perceived benefits such as reduction of transaction cost, predictability, and access to a multilateral dispute forum. In case of Indonesia nickel export ban, apart from the Regime Theory explanations, Indonesia’s continuous participation is driven by its ability to bear the cost of rule violations. Indonesia strategically accepts short-term legal and economic costs because the long-term developmental gains of the ban outweigh the threat of retaliation legally protected by the WTO. This suggests that even within an asymmetrical system, developing countries can exercise agency, navigate structural disadvantages, and manage the WTO's power while pursuing national development goals

Rise Of Technology In The 21st Century: China Study Case

Marvel Adityo — 2026-01-24

Throughout the years, China has developed into a superpower country with the world's second-largest economy. Of course, China's economic policymaking process has undergone many changes from the past to the present. A high-quality economy requires several key driving factors, such as sufficient and sustainable investment in human capital and mastery of technology. In the 21st century, China has achieved excellent economic performance, and its role in the international market has attracted global attention. Thanks to their advanced technology, China has dominated the global market by utilizing their progress in marketing electric vehicles and even the use of artificial intelligence which is widely used today. This research using secondary data from 2020 to 2025. The research focuses on how China can be consistent in using the basic tools and materials used in the manufacture of electric vehicles so that there are more diverse electric car manufacturers. The key indicators analyzed include mastery of the supply chain of key raw materials (such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt), innovation in battery technology, and government policies that support the expansion and development of the new energy vehicle industry. The study concludes that China's technological rise in the 21st century has not only impacted domestic progress, but also shifted the dynamics of global competition in technology, economics, and geopolitics.

Analysis Of China's Geoeconomic Strategy Through The BRI In Sri Lanka 2013 - 2023

Nathaniel Sturges Dotulong — 2026-01-24

China is one of the major powers in the world that has foreign economic policies on a global scale. One of them is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), an inclusive development strategy that aims to strengthen cooperation in cross-regional development while expanding China's political-economic influence. Sri Lanka is one of the key countries in the implementation of BRI due to its strategic position on the Indian Ocean shipping route. This research analyzes how China's geoeconomic strategy through BRI was implemented in Sri Lanka in the 2013 - 2023 period using Blackwill and Harris' geoeconomic theory, this research focuses on China using 3 main instruments of geoeconomics, namely investment, aid, and financial policy to achieve its political goals. Through large infrastructure projects such as Colombo Port City, CICT Colombo Terminal and Hambantota Port. In addition, aid and loan assistance accompanied by currency swaps and AIIB funding further strengthened Sri Lanka's economic dependence on China. This has shown that BRI is an implementation of inclusive and sustainable economic and infrastructure growth, but also creates a complex dependency dynamic that has led to the controversial “debt trap” narrative. Meanwhile, internal factors such as weak governance and corruption also make Sri Lanka's dependence on China in economic terms. This study aims to make an empirical contribution to the understanding of contemporary geoeconomic practices, by highlighting how inclusive cooperation in the form of infrastructure development has been used as an alternative to coercive military action to create global influence, and how this strategy affects the sovereignty and stability of Sri Lanka.

Highway to Net‑Zero: A Comparative Study of the Just Energy Transition Partnership in Indonesia, South Africa, and Vietnam

Indri Iswardhani — 2026-01-26

The Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) is a multilateral initiative that promotes a fair and inclusive transition to low-carbon energy systems in developing countries. This study compares the implementation of JETP in Indonesia, South Africa, and Vietnam, focusing on five key aspects: emission reduction commitments, financing structures, sectoral scope, implementation challenges, and social justice. The research employs qualitative documentation analysis, utilizing official JETP documents, reports from international organizations, and academic articles to systematically examine each country’s approach. A coding framework was developed to categorize the data into key themes, allowing for a comparative analysis across countries. To ensure the validity of the findings, triangulation was employed by comparing insights from official government documents, reports from international organizations, and academic sources. While all three countries share a commitment to transitioning to low-carbon energy systems, their paths differ based on their unique political, economic, and social contexts. Indonesia aims for net-zero emissions by 2060, South Africa by 2050, and Vietnam by 2050, each with different financial strategies and sectoral focuses. The study highlights challenges such as policy coherence, financing gaps, and the need for effective governance. Social justice, including job creation, reskilling, and inclusivity of vulnerable groups, is central to the transitions in all three countries, although the focus varies. This research provides insights into the implementation dynamics of JETP and offers recommendations for improving the design and execution of such partnerships to ensure successful energy transitions.

China’s Role On “All-weather Friendship” Policy: Zimbabwe Inclusive Economic Growth Analysis (2020-2024)

Dawud Attho’i — 2026-01-30

We cannot deny China's domination on the world economic sector, but that does not mean China has not any interest or looked down upon other countries, in fact China has provided foreign aid to many underdeveloped countries through its “All-weather Friendship” policy. China has been keeping this official bilateral relationship up to 13 countries with providing investments, building infrastructures, security, even in military, and Zimbabwe is one of them. China have been keeping relationship with Zimbabwe through this policy since 2015 and looking in Zimbabwe’s economic situation it’s safe to say that Zimbabwe significantly rely on China aid and looking for a long-term relationship with how China being a major driver of Zimbabwe’s
economic growth and development to the point it creates some sort of dependency with how it connects according to dependency theory by Andre Gunder Frank about how this relationship its concepting in the development of underdevelopment relationship between these two countries. Looking at Zimbabwe dependency with China, the authors purpose is to give a comprehensive description about China’s role in developing Zimbabwe economic growth with this bilateral relationship.

AOSIS’s Role on Implementing Protection of Climate Change in the Pacific Region’s Small Island States

Reyvana Noer Oktaviani — 2026-01-30

Small island countries in the Pacific region, such as Tuvalu, Kiribati, and the Marshall Islands, are the most at risk from the effects of global climate change, especially rising sea levels and coastal environmental degradation. Limited adaptive capacity and resources mean that these countries depend on multilateral cooperation mechanisms to fight for their right to fair and sustainable environmental protection. The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) serves as a collective diplomatic forum that represents the interests of small island countries in promoting inclusive global environmental governance. This study aims to
examine the strategic role of AOSIS in implementing the principles of inclusive environmental protection in Pacific countries, as well as to evaluate the concrete impact of advocacy through international forums such as the Conference of the Parties (COP), particularly COP28 in Dubai. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with secondary data analysis obtained from official AOSIS documents, COP reports, and academic literature. The results show that AOSIS has played an important role in helping create the Loss and Damage Fund, strengthening Pacific countries' access to climate adaptation and mitigation funding, and increasing the representation of developing countries in global policymaking. This
role not only strengthens transnational solidarity, but also lays the foundation for building an inclusive, equitable, and responsive environmental protection system that addresses the needs of the most vulnerable communities.

Indonesia's Efforts to Maintain ASEAN's National and Regional Economic Stability through Air Defence Modernisation

Muhammad Izzatullah Dhiya’an Gumay — 2026-01-30

At the beginning of President Prabowo Subianto's leadership, Indonesia carried out political manoeuvres by signing a large contract for the purchase of Rafale and KAAN jets. This aligns with the outbreak of conflicts in regions like the Middle East and Eastern Europe, such as Israel and Hamas, India and Pakistan, Iran and Israel, Russia and Ukraine. Additio nally, there is a trade war conflict between America and China, which has the potential to escalate into open war. Southeast Asia has also seen the potential for an open conflict. In response to this dynamic, Indonesia is modernising its military to protect its sovereignty—not for expansion or offence—though this step has caused controversy, particularly regarding the stability of the national economy due to the high cost of the contracts signed and the regional stability of Southeast Asia, as it could trigger an arms race within ASEAN. This research urgently examines how Indonesia's actions to maintain national economic stability through large jet purchase contracts and how it seeks to uphold ASEAN regional stability amidst military modernisation, using a descriptive qualitative method based on the Theory of Defence Realism.