PROIROFONIC

LOCAL COMMUNITY-BASED SOCIAL INNOVATION IN OVERCOMING HUNGER ELDERLY: A CASE STUDY IN KAPANEWON PALIYAN, GUNUNGKIDUL

Ameylia Puspita Rosa Dyah Ayu Arintyas — 2024-02-01

Hunger is still a problem for some people. The cause is not only derived from economic conditions but also family structure, social environment, and age. One group that is vulnerable to hunger is the elderly. Elderly people are vulnerable because of a decrease in physical condition so they are unable to meet their own needs, live alone because their families have separated, and do not have an economic safety net or an old-age pension fund. In rural areas in particular, several forms of local social protection have developed to deal with hunger, which is an adaptation to the COVID-19 era. Therefore, this concern was raised as the topic of this research. To obtain more specific data, a case study will be carried out regarding local community-based innovations in overcoming hunger in the elderly. The study will be carried out on a micro basis in Kapanewon Paliyan, Gunungkidul, and Yogyakarta. This study used qualitative methods by collecting data using semi-structured interviews and observation. The results of the research will describe the process of local community-based innovation action and its impact on reducing hunger in the elderly.

Sustainable Urban and Settlement Management in Dinar Indah Housing, Semarang City through Environmental Management

Anindya Windy Ratnasari — 2024-02-01

The increase in population growth in Semarang City causes limited land needs so housing developers carry out development in the suburbs, one of which occurs in Dinar Indah Housing, Semarang City with the highest population growth rate of 7% years and an increase in space requirements in the East of Semarang City by 20-30% years. This housing is a government program in 2006 which is intended for low-income people according to the Regulation of the Minister of Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2012 does not include the obligation to make environmental management documents and the location of housing which is right on the edge of Pengkol Sub-watershed (Babon sub-watershed) causing morphological housing to be on the contour of the basin land with a slope of 3-4% around Pengkol Sub-watershed area, so that in 2017, 2020, 2021, and 2023 there were floods due to overflowing water from the Pengkol Sub-watershed causing property damage and casualties. The absence of environmental management documents has a considerable impact such as a decrease in environmental quality and can threaten the sustainability of human life and other living things. This research aims at the importance of implementing environmental policies as environmental control. The results show that the implementation of policies by the Semarang City government by carrying out mandatory environmental management efforts following business licensing and flood control efforts can reduce environmental degradation that occurs in Dinar Indah Housing, Semarang City.

Against Post-Pandemic Climate Denialism: Countering “Sugar-Coating” Narratives on Climate Change Through Online Social Movement

Annisa Nabilatul Khaira — 2024-02-01

Climate change is not only a material issue regarding the realization of sustainable climate projects but also involves the construction and dissemination of various ideas related to climate change itself. In the middle of a highly interconnected world, there is a dichotomy respecting the international community’s view towards climate change,making them splitin two as “accepters” and “deniers”. Climate denialism among people is not new, but the trend has drastically shifted once COVID-19 strikes. It went from rejecting scientific evidence of climate crisis as an anthropogenic phenomenon into sugar-coating post-pandemic reality, a more subtle mechanism to convince people that the current climate crisis is inevitable and no one will be able to fix it due to dilemmatic situation between saving the earth or saving the economy. The “sweeten reality” narrative is disguisedly counterproductive, fostering logical fallacies and ultimately hindering the attainment of a global collective target to shut climate change down. Addressing this matter, this research aims to analyze how the online social movements could be an effective channel to counter climate denialism post-pandemic. Utilizing Singh and Tourrine New Social Movement theory, this study concluded that online social movement could generate a climate communication space to disseminating accurate and non-confrontational information, responding deniers questions and concerns, and promoting constructive climate discourse.

Maintaining Good Health and Well Being through Urban Farming

Bayu Setiawan — 2024-02-01

This paper tries to explore the benefits and the potential of urban farming activities in improving health and the quality of life. This paper will also raise the role of the community in achieving environmental sustainability, improving the economy and a healthy lifestyle through the active participation of the community in providing food, nutrition and utilizing limited space in the city. The data source for this paper based on a field study in Bandung city conducted by a team from BRIN and BPS in 2022. The characteristics of the Bandung city with high density are suitable for urban farming studies. Using a qualitative approach, this study explores how 'Buruan Sae', which is an urban farming program from the Bandung City government, is implemented at the sub‐district level. The research findings reveal that urban farming activities not only offer opportunities to supply fresh and healthy food to urban communities, but the community also can earn income from selling urban farming products. Urban agricultural activities have the potential to act as a safety net when the Covid 19 pandemic occurs, many people lose their livelihood. This research information is expected to be useful for promoting urban farming, especially cities that have high population density.

Responsibilities of the Government of Indonesia Regarding Human Rights Enforcement in the Perspective of International Law (Study of Cases of Armed Criminal Groups (KKB) in Papua)

Cecep Nugroho — 2024-02-01

The government's responsibility in handling human rights violations that occurred in Papua is a serious problem that is still ongoing today, even the conflict that occurred in Papua is an issue that is often discussed in the international sphere. The number of incidents that have occurred raises research questions related to what is the responsibility of the Indonesian government in upholding human rights in Papua from an international law perspective? Using qualitative research through a case study approach with literature study techniques by looking at several relevant previous studies as data sources. This research finds the obligations and responsibilities of the government through international law such as the Asean Human Rights Declarations (AHRD), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), but the Indonesian the government still takes a military approach to conflicts that the role of the government should be 80% and the role of the security forces 20%, so that if the government steps down directly by creating intense communication directly and will produce an agreement without violence which continues to take lives.

The Analysis of Indonesia's Climate Change Policies in Response to the 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report/AR6 Group 1 (2021-2023)

Danar Hafidz Adi Wardhana — 2024-02-01

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides scientific‐based assessments regarding the climate change as the reference for its member countries to formulate the best possible climate change policies. Based on the 2021 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I Sixth Assessment Report/AR6 Group 1 IPCC, Southeast Asia was predicted to be one of the most vulnerable regions. This report shows the need for all Southeast Asian countries to further adapt their policies to cope with the future risk of climate change. As one of the members of IPCC, Government of Indonesia is expected to formulate and implement its climate change mitigation‐oriented policies in the most effective way. This research aims to analyze the implementation of climate change policies in Indonesia as the follow‐up from the 2021 IPCC Assessment Report. To ensure the validity of the work, this research uses data from various secondary sources. This research also tries to elaborate the connection between the policies and one of the 2020‐2024 National Medium‐Term Development Plan (RPJMN) Agendas. The Government of Indonesia shows positive efforts in slowing down the land degradation and were able to reduce the levels of GHG emissions in the past few years. Indonesia even managed to surpass the targets of GHG emissions reduction in the year of 2021, and 2022, respectively. In terms of disaster prevention, the data from BNPB shows that the disaster in Indonesia is decreasing in the last few years.

Women and Green Economy: Saving Future Planet or Embedded Gender Inequality?

Grace Lumban Gaol — 2024-02-01

In the past decades, the idea of a green economy has arisen in response to environmental issues worldwide and institutionalized in the SDGs conception. The global pattern is that the green economy emerged from the grass-roots initiative, mainly driven by women. It is intriguing how the industry that could potentially save the future of the planet is driven by women who mostly face structural and cultural barriers in participating in the economic process. This paper is aimed to investigate the matters by focusing on under what condition the dominant actors of the green economy initiative in a female-dominated field. We pinpoint the reality of Surabaya's green economy as the primary case study. Surabaya, the capital city of East Java, Indonesia, is no different from the rest. The green economy initiative is most driven by grassroots in the form of small-medium enterprises, and it is a female-dominated field. Having employed the gender analysis in the process, we argue that the green economy is perceived as "less-economical," and the business model generates less income than the conventional. Thus, the dominant narrative is that women are suitable to participate since the wage earner is widely associated with masculinity and men. It potentially creates another layer of discrimination against women in general.

Best Practices For Sustainable Agriculture In Narrow Land: Case Study of Young Farmers in Sriharjo Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Hani Puspita Dewi — 2024-02-01

The population increase, decrease of farmers, crisis of the young farmer generation, chemical products used in agriculture, and climate change potential have impacted agriculture. Therefore, it is increasingly important for the young generation to continue farming. This is in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely ending hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. However, not all young people are able to proactively anticipate the impact of climate change and practice sustainable agriculture. In Yogyakarta, there is a community of young farmers who focus on regeneration and sustainability agriculture. This research aims at analyzing agricultural programs managed by young farmers in Sriharjo Village, Yogyakarta Regency. This research method uses a qualitative approach with a case study conducted in Sriharjo Village, Yogyakarta Regency. Eight young farmers were selected by means of purposive sampling techniques. Data is collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Analysis for data using the thematic analysis and testing the data for validity using the triangulation technique. The result showed that sustainable agriculture managed by young farmers has been managed well by planting hydroponic techniques, making organic fertilizers, using alternative feed, and managing household waste for farming. Hopefully, this research can be used as the basis for a sustainable agriculture policy for young farmers.

Coastal Women's Adaptation Strategy in Facing Climate Change at Cemara Beach, Banyuwangi Regency through a Gender Perspective

Irwan Kurniawan Soetijono — 2024-02-01

The climate crisis has become a real threat facing global citizens since industrial/modern civilization and is a threat that cannot be avoided. However, climate problems are often focused only on technical paradigms, even though the climate crisis is more than just a problem of temperature, melting poles, and rainfall. The negative impacts of the climate crisis are felt politically in the social order of society, especially for people in vulnerable groups who are considered to have weak adaptive capacity due to limited access to the resources needed to fulfil their daily needs. One of these vulnerable groups is the women living in the coastal area of Cemara Beach, Banyuwangi Regency. Cemara Beach, located directly opposite the Bali Strait, is an area that is vulnerable to climate change, especially now that there is an excess number of fishermen. There is exploitative use of natural resources. Climate change has significantly resulted in several physical changes in the Cemara Beach area, which include, among other things, seawater intrusion onto land, tidal waves, flooding, inundation in lowlands and erosion on Cemara Beach which in turn has an impact on coastal morphology, natural ecosystems, settlements and the economy. And fishermen's income. It is hoped that the output of this research study will be a concrete solution in providing support for the environment and female fishermen at Cemara Beach. Through this research, the influence of climate change on the socio‐economic conditions of Cemara Beach female fishermen and the adaptation strategies implemented to face climate change will be known. Hopefully, this research will become a further reference regarding fishermen's adaptation to climate change in coastal areas and small islands. Apart from that, the research is expected to be able to model adaptation patterns that are useful for developing climate change mitigation adaptation. Meanwhile, for the regional government of Banyuwangi Regency, this research can influence decision‐making that determines development policies, especially the gender‐responsive fisheries sector.

The Role of Rappo as A Social Entrepreneur for Implementing SDGs In Indonesia

Izzatinnisa — 2024-02-01

Gender and environmental issues are significant for development. Women are often marginalized, so gender inclusivity is obstructed. Then comes the problem of environmental pollution, mainly caused by the excessive use of plastic. To overcome this, contributions from various actors, including MSMEs are needed to carry out activities that implement the values of the SDGs, a United Nations program for achieving global peace and prosperity. Rappo then appeared as a social entrepreneur whose role was to embody these values through environmentally friendly products and empowering women. This study uses the concept of SDGs and local security networks, which focuses on gender equality and climate action to show the responsibilities and roles of Rappo. By using literature review and interviews, this research indicates that Rappo plays an active role in producing products and providing environmentally friendly education, including manufacturing recycled products, plastic smart cities, plastic waste donations, and beach clean-ups, a form of implementing the SDGs values. Rappo also builds partnerships with various communities, such as women and laundry business, to empower and facilitate access to plastic waste collection. The program implemented by Rappo has implications for economic growth and gender-inclusive decent work in Makassar, responsible production and consumption practices, and prevention of plastic pollution.

Landfilling in Developing Countries Due to The Global Waste Trade: Critics for Developed Countries

Jihan Nadya Yahya — 2024-02-01

Waste trade is a quick way to manage waste. Rather than building a waste management system, it’s cheaper to pay the destination country to import waste. The waste trade, on the other hand, will generate a new challenge for the destination country: landfilling. In this article, the author discusses the increasing waste in developing countries as a result of waste trade with industrialized countries. This article focuses on developed nations in North America and Europe, whereas developing nations in Southeast Asia are discussed. In the last 10 years, the United States exported 1.21 billion pounds of scrap plastic, whereas the European Union exported 1.14 million tons of plastic waste. Since China banned international waste imports in 2018, the amount of waste imported into Southeast Asia from North America and Europe has increased. The article uses green theory and eco-imperialism to explore the history, effects, and criticism of the waste trade between developed and developing countries. To comprehend the topic, the article uses qualitative research techniques and descriptive analysis. The references in this text refer to a period beginning in 2018, as China no longer permits the import of foreign waste.

Sustainable Tourism Destination Planning in Raja Ampat: A Conjoint Analysis Approach to Understanding Tourists’ Preferences

Liyushiana — 2024-02-01

This study aims to understand tourist preferences in sustainable tourism planning in Raja Ampat using conjoint analysis method. Quantitative method was employed to collect data through a survey using Gform, with 130 respondents who provided their responses. Data analysis was conducted using conjoint analysis to identify the attributes that most influence tourist preferences and measure the importance of each attribute. The utility assessment results showed that the duration of the visit, attractions, facilities, souvenirs, accommodations, and points of interest have a significant impact on tourist preferences in Raja Ampat. Importance values were obtained to measure the importance of each attribute, where accommodations and duration of the visit had relatively high values. Additionally, the validity and reliability of the research instrument were verified using Pearson's R and Kendall's Tau. The findings of this study provide a deeper understanding of tourist preferences and the most influential attributes in choosing a tourism destination in Raja Ampat. These findings can serve as a basis for developing more effective marketing strategies, targeted product development, and enhancing the tourist experience when visiting Raja Ampat. This research contributes significantly to the fields of sustainable tourism planning and tourism marketing.

Gender Equality Awareness of Peer Counselors Islamic Universities in Banjarmasin

Mufida Istati — 2024-02-01

Gender equality awareness is one of the important abilities possessed by students in order to characterize and empower students in higher education. An effective way to achieve this is through the active role of students guided by peer counselors. The purpose of this study was to describe of gender equality awareness of peer counselors in Islamic universities in Banjarmasin city. The research method used is quantitative descriptive. The object of this research is gender equality awareness. The data collection instrument is a gender equality awareness scale. The study was conducted in Banjarmasin on students of the Counseling Department of State Islamic University Antasari Banjarmasin and Islamic University of Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjary. The research findings that the average peer counselor's gender equality awareness is in the medium category with details of 93,75% in the medium category, 3,12% in the high category, and 3,12 in the low category. Gender awareness owned by peer counselors in the aspect of analyzing gender problems is in a higher category than in the aspect of understanding gender concepts

Driving Progress from the Bottom Up: Assessing Local Government SDG Reporting to Inspire Action

Sri Milawati Asshagab — 2024-02-01

Effective monitoring and reporting of progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is essential for sustainable development. However, local governments’ voluntary reporting on SDG progress remains limited globally. This study aims to evaluate the Voluntary Local Review (VLR) reporting practices of 16 cities worldwide, focusing on SDG 17: Partnership for the Goals. The comparative analysis method was employed to compare reporting practices, content, and partnership networks to identify best practices. By doing so, it aims to inspire other local governments to report their SDG actions and create initiatives toward achieving the SDGs, particularly in addressing common challenges. The study found that while VLR is a crucial step in implementing action plans, it lacks a standard format, which hinders transparency and consistency. The VLR aims to increase awareness of local government efforts and challenges in achieving SDGs, and it also encourages other local governments to take action towards the SDGs, as most regions face similar challenges that require cooperation. Collaborative networks such as C40, FairTrade Town, ICLEI, and Sister City highlight the importance of joint efforts in promoting sustainable urban development at the local government level.

The Impending Crush Injury Syndrome During A Disaster

Yuliana — 2024-02-01

The impending crush injury syndrome should be a concern when facing any severe injuries, especially disaster. Crush injury is severe shock accompanied by kidney failure. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment are very critical. This paper aims to describe the impending crush injury syndrome during a disaster. This is a narrative literature review. Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used as databases for journal findings. The selected journals were summarized and descriptively narrated. The crush injury syndrome usually occurs after severe musculoskeletal injuries and some disasters such as earthquakes, mining disasters, tornadoes, floods, explosions, etc. The injury happens when strong pressure from heavy objects hits the body. The symptoms are nerve damage, bruise, swelling, paralysis, amputation, bleeding, and death. Other common complications are renal failure and compartment syndrome. The warning symptoms are increasing pain, numbness, and tightness. The prevention of crush injury includes following safe work guidance, maintaining good housekeeping, organizing the surrounding objects to prevent any possible hazards, and being aware of heavy machines, falling objects, or vehicles. In conclusion, impending crush injury syndrome during a disaster could be prevented by prompt management and prevention.

The Importance of Investment in Developing Regional Competitiveness and Its Contribution Toward Sustainable Development

Alamsyah — 2024-02-01

Investment defined as an asset acquired and invested which serve the purpose to build wealth from saving or any form of that obtain through work, investment not only defined in small scale as a component of individual economic activity, but also for economic in general, in term of regional, investment can be a power to enhance life quality, in which investment can be used to build infrastructure, enhance education quality, and provide health facility to enhance overall health quality. When all this function has been done successfully, the positive effect will be reflected in regional competitiveness, with the prime health and education, it will result in productive and innovative human resources, which can provide contribution toward economic development, further sufficient and effective investment will contribute toward sustainable development especially in the context of education and health. This paper will explore the interconnection between investment and regional competitiveness, and visualize its contribution toward sustainable development, by using relevant empirical research and studies to support to explore the topic of this paper, which then also be used to support and to highlight the finding of this paper, the finding will also use to select the best approach that can be used to develop and enhance regional competitiveness in the future.

Constructivism Paradigm in the Implementation of Gender-based Global Initiatives for Sustainable Development Goals-In College

Indah Fatmawati — 2024-02-01

The high cases of gender-based sexual violence in universities rank second after sexual violence that occurs in other public spaces. Despite this, there are still many cases of sexual violence that have not been revealed. One of the reasons is because universities cover up these problems on the grounds of maintaining electability. On the other hand, the closure of the case will harm the victim's right to get protection and recovery for the violence experienced. This is certainly not in accordance with what is mandated by the Minister of Education and Culture for Research and Technology number 30 of 2021 concerning the Prevention and Handling of Sexual Violence in Higher Education. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the handling of sexual violence that occurs in universities that already have a task force for the prevention and handling of sexual violence. This research is a type of qualitative research (library research) with a normative juridical approach. The conclusion of this study illustrates that the handling of victims of sexual violence by the task force in Higher Education is still not in accordance with the Minister of Education and Culture for Research and Technology number 30 of 2021, while the solution that can be offered is to change and instill the paradigm to universities that a good campus is a campus that reports findings and results of handling sexual violence that occurs in universities instead of covering it up to fight sexual violence together in Higher Education College.

The Influence of Financial Deepening in Sharia Banking And Non-Banking Sectors On Economic Growth In Indonesia

Arif Riansyah — 2024-02-01

The Sharia banking and non-banking sectors are business models carried out in a halal manner and line with Sharia principles. These sectors are growing, in line with Indonesia's vision as a center for the halal industry, by emphasizing the potential of the halal value chain (HVC). Financial deepening in the Sharia banking and non-banking sectors refers to expanding access to Sharia financial products and services and improving the capacity and efficiency of Sharia financial institutions in providing those products and services. Therefore, financial deepening is one of the prerequisites for improving economic growth in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the influence of the Sharia banking and non-banking sectors on economic growth in Indonesia from 2008 to 2022. The independent variables used in this study are third-party funds and financing of Sharia banks, and the total capitalization of Sharia-compliant government sukuk/bonds/securities and Sharia stocks. In addition, the dependent variable used is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The multiple linear regression method was used in this study, which shows that the financial deepening of the banking sector represented by third-party funds significantly and positively impacted economic growth in Indonesia. Furthermore, shariah-compliant government sukuk/bonds/securities significantly and negatively impact economic growth in the non-banking sector. While all variables have a different impact, simultaneously, all independent variables used for analysis impact the dependent variable.

Short Studies: An Overview of Empowering Global Maritime Technology on Indonesia Seaweed Industries Innovations in 2045

Bayu Mangkurat — 2024-02-01

Republic of Indonesia as an archipelagic state actor within the international system plays its significant role to build, secure, and use its maritime domain in the most strategic sense to protect and advance its national interests within the cooperative, competitive, and conflictual setting at the world stage. To reach the 2045 vision, Indonesia as the world's maritime axis in Golden Indonesia 2045, the realization of this vision cannot be carried out without the help of technological advances. Younger generation as human resources also play an important role to support this mission. This research is using a qualitative study based on open sources data using the strategic policy as the unit of analysis. Furthermore, the study results show several strategic policies that were compiled based on the 9 main agendas from the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment of the Republic of Indonesia; linking to technology and innovation needed. The strategic policies using PEST analysis, empower Indonesian youth and seaweed cultivation towards 2045 were analysed in these studies. This research presents several recommendations that can be implemented in encouraging the interest of the younger generation as the main actors in realizing Indonesia's World Maritime Axis in 2045 through the latest technology and innovation.

Why We Should Implement HOTS-Based Learning In The 21st Century?

Siti Salma Kamila — 2024-02-01

The 21^st century is a century marked by globalization that occurs in society. Globalization refers to changes in various areas of life. The changes that exist also require humans to have various abilities and skills to survive in this environment. The area most affected is Education. As the main place to gain knowledge, Education needs to adapt to the changes in the 21^st century. Education needs to create new methods that can develop the skills needed in the 21^st century. HOTS- based learning is one of the answers to the needs of the 21^st century. This learning method consists of three cognitive processes as the top elements in Bloom's taxonomy. There are analysis (C4), evaluation (C5), and creation (C6). All of it is a part of critical thinking skills. Therefore, HOTS-based learning can meet the needs of 21^st century skills, one of which is the ability to think critically.

Electric Vehicle for Solution to Reduce Pollution

I Gede Yudiantara — 2024-02-01

Electric vehicles have become a trending topic of research since world campaigns related to the use of clean and renewable energy to overcome environmental pollution. In addition, the support for the G20 event campaign which was carried out in Indonesia became a role model in the use of electric vehicles as a modern mode of transportation. This research is a literature review using a bibliometric approach to compile a science mapping of literature on electric vehicles for solutions to reduce pollution. Bibliometric analysis was performed on literature collected via PoP on the Google Scholar database. Electric vehicle research is currently more focused on hybrid electric vehicles, vehicle energy, technology, development, smart grid, system, cost, station and energy transfer. So that future topics related to electric vehicles such as the impact of electric vehicle policies, electric vehicle regulations, electric vehicle subsidies, air pollution, supporting infrastructure and the sustainability of electric vehicles need to be carried out to support the effectiveness and sustainability of electric vehicles in supporting renewable energy in the future.

THE EFFECT OF DUAL ROLE CONFLICT AND SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE ON WOMEN EMPLOYEE'S PERFORMANCE

Sugeng Nugroho Hadi — 2024-02-01

Dual role conflicts often arise for female employees, one as a housewife and one as an employee in the company. Conflict will be found with spiritual intelligence as a conflict neutrality variable. Both, dual role conflict and spiritual intelligence, will meet in performance. This type of research is quantitative research with an associative approach. The data source comes from primary data in the form of a questionnaire taken from 85 samples. The results of the dual role conflict test partially influence the performance of female employees at the Islamic Hospital (RSI) PDHI Yogyakarta. Spiritual intelligence has a partial effect on the performance of female employees at RSI PDHI Yogyakarta. Dual role conflict and spiritual intelligence simultaneously have a significant effect on the performance of female employees at RSI PDHI Yogyakarta. 44.6% of employee performance is explained by dual role conflict and spiritual intelligence.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Closing the Gap Between Economic Classes

April Lia Dina Mariyana — 2024-02-01

This study aims to analyze the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in reducing economic inequality between different social classes. The problem with economic inequality is that it can lead to social and economic instability, reduced economic growth, and limited opportunities for individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The field of AI is relatively new, and its potential applications are still being explored, which may explain why there is still a need for more research in this area. Furthermore, the complexity of the issue of economic inequality requires a multidisciplinary approach, which can be challenging for researchers to navigate. In this research, a literature review was conducted on articles, books, and reports related to AI and economic inequality. The data obtained were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The research results show that AI has the potential to increase efficiency in business and provide better access to education and training, which can help individuals from lower social classes to move up to a higher economic level. However, there are also risks associated with the use of AI in reducing economic inequality. These risks include job switching, especially in repetitive and less skilled jobs, and the potential to reinforce existing biases and discrimination. Thus, this research emphasizes the need for a careful and thoughtful

Smart Integrated Clean Energy Residental House (SICLEAN) Based on Carbon Capture Storage and Engineering Wood Products to Realize Carbon Free Cities 2035

Farhan Fadlurrahman Sutrisno — 2024-02-01

To support the achievement of SGD, especially pillar No.13 (Climate Change), the existence of a technological model that enables to reduce negative impact of carbon emissions is one of the prerequisites for supporting the sustainability of life on Earth. To answer these challenges, this paper aims to introduce the idea of carbon capture technology in residential called SICLEAN (Smart Integrated Clean Energy Residential House). This idea aims to introduce the use of engineering wood products as one of the innovative solutions to combat the adverse effects of carbon emissions. SICLEAN is arranged in a housing complex inside there are Transparent Wood, Transparent Nano paper, Wind Turbines, Structural Applications, Water Treatment, and Energy Storage Devices. In the end, consideration of the negative impacts of SICLEAN and the need for regulations supporting the implementation of SICLEAN at the public level is conveyed. The SICLEAN idea will also initiate the achievement of zero carbon city in Indonesia 2035. In contrast to efforts to reduce carbon emissions by using alternative energy approaches and mobilizing the use of electric cars, efforts to reduce carbon emissions through a residential management approach based on carbon capture technology is a breakthrough that overlooked by Indonesian policymakers.

Optimization of Corn Stover Gasification Used for Electricity and Hydrogen Production in East Lampung Regency, Indonesia

M Aldi Nugroho — 2024-02-01

Rapid industrial development and population growth increased the energy demand. However, electricity production produces emissions and is non-renewable, so energy development is executed to fulfill the energy needs and overcome climate change. Biomass from corn stover waste in East Lampung Regency, Indonesia, has excellent potential as energy with an abundant source, up to 623.93 tons in 2015, and has yet to maximize utilized. This research aims to produce electricity and hydrogen while reducing CO2 emissions by utilizing corn stover waste using gasification. This research was conducted by simulating using Aspen Hysys to determine the technology's operating conditions, efficiency, and feasibility. As a result, the mechanism is that corn stover biomass is put into a gasifier for drying at 150°C. Then, pyrolyzing at 500°C to separate the volatile materials from the charcoal while adding a CaO catalyst. Furthermore, CO2 and H2O are produced, which will be reduced by the gasifier and produce fuel gases to drive an electric generator and separated in a hydrogen tank. It shows effectiveness by 49.219%, can reduce 119,803.6 tCO2 emissions in 10 years, and turn it into electricity of 15,550.831 kWh and 34,363.69 liters of hydrogen.

Opportunity to Learn Indonesian Language through Nonformal Educationfor The Children of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Sabah- Malaysia: Case Study at the Pontian Fico Community Learning Center

Aswan — 2024-02-01

The existence of children of Indonesian migrant workers in Sabah-Malaysia has had an impact in many ways. In the linguistic context, children of Indonesian migrant workers who were born and raised in Sabah-Malaysia use the Malaysian language as their first language. The most important problem in this context is that children of Indonesian migrant workers have an identity crisis because they tend to follow the social and cultural environment they live in, but do not know much about their country of origin. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of describing opportunities to learn Indonesian for children of Indonesian migrant workers through non-formal schools in Sabah-Malaysia. The method used in this research was qualitative, with a case study approach. This research was conducted at the Pontian Fico Community Learning Center non-formal school, Sabah-Malaysia. The data for this research are documentation and interview results, while the data sources were obtained from Indonesian school teachers who teach in non-formal schools. The results and discussion described are opportunities to learn Indonesians through the curriculum, teachers, and school literacy programs. The findings of this study are that the CLC Pontian Fico non-formal school provides opportunities to learn Indonesian for the children of Indonesian migrant workers as part of strengthening self-identity, supporting educational equality, and realizing quality education. The conclusion of this study is that non-formal schools use soft diplomacy to introduce Indonesians to Indonesian children who live in areas where their parents work.

Inclusive Village Development Through Religious Moderation: Promoting Local Cultures as A Global Values

Dian Herdiana — 2024-02-01

This article is intended to analyze inclusive village development in which religious moderation is not only used as the basis for compiling and implementing development that accommodates differences in beliefs at the village level but also used as one of the pillars of overall development success. This concept is the essential value of contemporary village development, which not only represents the aspirations of village community members but also accommodates the interests of every member of the village community with different beliefs. Based on this understanding, religious moderation is a condition for village development in which today's society is developing to become heterogeneous. Religious moderation guarantees accommodation for various village development programs aimed at the interests of all village communities. This concept should be understood as a paradigm not only at the national level but at the global level, which so far has constructed society as a determinant of the direction of development policy; the community does not only agree on the development program as a concession but also as an accommodation for the heterogeneity of adhered beliefs in which development represents these differences in beliefs and can provide development benefits for all members of the community. It should be promoted as a relevant local value to become a global paradigm.

Breaking the Cycle of Wealth Inequality: A Progressive Taxation System on Wealth Inheritance

Ananta Wahyu Sasongko — 2024-02-01

This study examines the potential of implementing a progressive estate taxation model in Indonesia to reduce wealth inequality. Using a conceptual review paper methodology and drawing on existing research, the study analyzes the importance of progressive estate taxation in addressing wealth disparities. It proposes a framework for implementing a progressive estate taxation system in Indonesia, emphasizing its potential benefits in reducing wealth inequality and promoting economic growth. The findings indicate that a progressive estate taxation system, particularly on wealth inheritance, could significantly impact wealth inequality in Indonesia. The study highlights the influential role of wealth concentration and inheritance in perpetuating inequality, underscoring the urgent need for implementing a progressive taxation system in the country. It discusses the implications of these findings for Indonesia's economic and social development and offers insights for policymakers and researchers interested in reducing wealth disparities. Overall, this study contributes to the discourse on the significance of progressive estate taxation in addressing wealth disparities and recognizes the importance of future empirical research to support and validate these conceptual findings.

A Cultural Coping Mechanism: Vurnerable Climate Action Encounter Flood Disaster as Everyday Life in Jakarta

Weny Lestari — 2024-02-01

This paper concerns about experiences and responses from the community who live in flood plain at an area in Central Jakarta. They encounter flood disaster and the diseases aftermath frequently. Generally, the diseases aftermath is diarrhea, common cold, dengue hemorroic fever, pulmonary infection, and skin infection. The aims of this paper were to understand the meaning of flood disaster and the disease aftermath from the community’s experiences, and to know how their response and strategy dealing with vulnerabilities as their cultural coping mechanism. The results showed that flood disaster and the diseases aftermath had been seen as normal occurrence in their everyday life. There was different cultural coping mechanism to deal with the flood and diseases in the time of heavy flood and regular flood. Their responses to encounter vulnerability were aware where they living on, and strategies to prone the event. They had accessability to all important public services like health services, education, workplaces, transportation mode, and the economic’s access. For those reasons of accessability to all important services, they were coping the hazard and consciously lived in density area at the flood plain area nearby the river bank, and never willingly to be relocated.

The Utilization of Patchwork for Interior Decoration in The Form of Macrame Crafts

Felicia Josephine Anggono Putri — 2024-02-01

Fabric itself has an important role in human life so the use of cloth continues to increase every day resulting in an increase in textile waste in the environment. One concrete action to reduce textile waste is to utilize patchwork waste to produce interior decoration products in the form of macrame crafts such as mirror frame and small decorative basket. The research method used is the 5 stages of Design Thinking which includes Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test. To produce a product in the form of a macrame craft, it must begin with a recycling process, followed by the stages of sorting, collecting, processing,manufacturing and ending it with the distribution stage of the final product to the general public. The expected result of this activity is the creation of a new product which can be useful for preserving the environment. The final product is also aesthetically appealing and can educate the public about actions to preserve the environment.

Safety Design Evaluation of “Suroboyo Bus” Bus Stop Towards Women Friendly Aspects in Surabaya

Jocelynne Christina Subroto — 2024-02-01

Crime is a problem that is experienced all around the world, including Indonesia. One of the most common criminal cases in society is street harassment. Street harassment is sexual harassment in the form of words and/or actions against women that occur in public places. According to stopstreetharassement.com, 99% of 800 women experience street harassment every year, even 65% experience street harassment at least once a month. The forms of street harassment can vary from words, glances, and vulgar gestures, to physical harassment. Street harassment hurts victims psychologically and physically. The high potential and impact of street harassment certainly give female passengers fear and insecurity when using public facilities. Therefore, public facilities certainly need to be designed to provide security and protection for female users. The” Suroboyo Bus” bus stop in Kalisari, Surabaya, was chosen as the research object for the most used public facility which is public transportation. This research was conducted to provide evaluation results for the” Suroboyo Bus” bus stop on women-friendly aspects so that female users can feel secure and safe while using public facilities equally like male users.

Review: Development of Particle Boards with Fillers from Various Kinds of Wood Scraps and Agricultural Residues Using Binders

Miranti Maya Sylvani — 2024-02-01

Wood isstill an importantforest commodity in Indonesia because wood is a resource that is widely used for various uses, although it is classified as a resource that can be simplified, its potential continues to decrease due to increasing needs. Agricultural residues and wood waste can potentially be used in several ways. Based on its designation, wood waste can be sorted, processed, and provided as a raw material for making particle boards. Particleboard is made from particles of wood or other fibrous material, which are shaped and pressed together using an organic binder together with one or more materials, such as heat, pressure, catalyst, and so on. A good selection of agricultural residues including wheat straw, sugarcane, sunflower seed husks, bamboo,and palm have been used successfully in the manufacture of particleboard. On particle board, the commonly used binders are urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde.

Utilization Of Wood Waste Materials To Make a Unique Public Trash Bin

Elisa Liliani Winata — 2024-02-01

Indonesia has a wealth of diverse natural resources, one of which is wood. Because of that, there are also many wood industries and wood craftsmen in Indonesia. The wood industry and craftsmen will certainly have wood waste from their production process. If this wood waste is not handled immediately, itwill pollute the environment. Therefore, an idea emerged to utilize this wood waste to be recycled and used as a public trash bin. In Indonesia many people litter in rivers, streets, and other public places. As a result, streets look dirty, rivers can get clogged and cause flooding. The purpose of this scientific paper is to reduce wood waste by designing a public trash bin, that also helps to reduce waste scattered in public places. The public trash bin is uniquely designed that attract people's attention to dispose of trash in its place. The method used is the design thinking method, which is consisting of five stages, empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. The result of this scientific paper is the design of a public trash bin that can reduce wood waste and overcome environmental pollution.

Interior of Church to Support Sustainable Diverse Communities

Cherry — 2024-02-01

Church generally means as a place to worship for Christian people, however church also can be a community place for society. Sustainable Cities and Communities is an aspect that pay attention to society that can adapt through the midst of changing times to population growth. This aspect can be implemented through the design of facilities and activities of Church that support the communities. This church is in residential area of Surabaya, was redesigned with the main function to worship supported by activities for communities who have problems and needs. This church’s designed considering universal design that can be use to all ages user to those user with special needs. The worship area is located on two floors, third and fourth floor, with have floor layout pattern branched into one, which is the concept of this design named GotoRoyo. This concept meant a community place of various ethnicities, cultures, regions that are united to serve God, human, and the environment. And then for the facilities for communities, there’re Communal area, Gymnastic room, Course Classes, and Counseling room. Digital technology is also applied to support the infrastructure and activities of church.

Disaster Management Communication Model

Muhammad Hilmy Aziz — 2024-02-01

Indonesia is located where the four main plates of the world meet, namely Eurasia, Indo-Australia, the Philippines, and the Pacific, which geologically makes Indonesia prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. On the other hand, Indonesia is located at the confluence of two oceans and two continents and in the tropics, making the entire region dominantly geographically potential for disaster vulnerability, such as floods, landslides, flash floods, extreme weather, extreme waves and abrasion, and droughts that can also trigger forest and land fires that reinforce the definition of Indonesia being located in a strategic disaster area. This research provides a concrete picture of the latest communication models in disaster management studies that have been carried out still within the risk reduction paradigm. Preparing this communication model is expected to provide strategic potential as an effort and step where Indonesia can make organized disaster management at the communication level. This research uses a qualitative method which can give a concrete picture of how to handle disasters. In addition, FGD (Focus Group Discussion) is a way of collecting data through direct discussion and analysing problems with experts. The research focuses on more than just the communication model as an essential part of disaster management. The development of literacy as a role model can be applied to form a sophisticated handling of disasters that integrates technology with society and media independence in presenting the information. Through these steps, disaster management can be realized in the communication corridor used to provide a new paradigm related to disaster management.

Islamic Religious Education Towards Quality Education SDG: Content Analysis on Kunci Kerukunan Material in the Textbook of Moral and Theology of Islam XII Class Madrasa

Ikhsan Rifai — 2024-02-01

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proclaimed by the United Nations in 2015 include 17 goals that are expected to be achieved globally by 2030. Although they do not explicitly mention Islamic Religious Education (PAI), Indonesia, as a Muslim-majority country, needs to pay attention to the link between the values of Islamic religious values with SDGs. The study is motivated by the importance of promoting inclusiveness values contained in the material, which aligns with the SDG goals of Quality Education SDG. The present study focuses on analyzing the Kunci Kerukunan material in the Moral and Theology of Islam XII Class Madrasa textbook in the context of Islamic Religious Education towards Quality Education SDG. The study employs a qualitative content analysis approach to explore the content of the Kunci Kerukunan material in the textbook to explore its relevance to the Quality Education SDG. The study results show a linkbetween Islamic Religious Education and Quality Education SDG, especially on the 4.7 target. The Kunci Kerukukan chapter for XII Madrasa classes contains values that can support achieving SDGs goal number 4.

Analysis of the Perceptions of Non-Forestry and Environmental Students in Jabodetabek on the Role of Moringa oleifera in Climate Change Mitigation

Ikfanny Alfi Muhibbah Shalihah — 2024-02-01

Climate change is a crucial natural phenomenon. One of the causes of climate change is global warming caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions in the Earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector are the largest contributor to greenhouse gases. The perception of students' understanding, including non-forestry and environmental students, of climate change is needed in mitigation efforts that play a role in reducing the impact of climate change in a structured manner. Moringa oleifera is a ground cover plant from the Moringaceae group which is a type that is fast growing and resistant to drought. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of students with non-forestry and environmental education backgrounds in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (Jabodetabek) towards the role of Moringa oleifera in climate change mitigation. Data and information on student perceptions were obtained through a closed questionnaire and related journals. The sample used in this study amounted to 213 respondents from 1.000 population with 10% error rate. This study used the Guttman Scale. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for further development of climate change mitigation strategies related to Moringa oleifera by relevant institutions.

Village-based Tourism Development as a Strategy for Local Economic Empowerment in Bukit Lawang

Liyushiana — 2024-02-01

Tourism is believed to be one of the key drivers in enhancing the local economy, allowing the community around tourist destinations to not only act as spectators but also take part in tourism activities. In Bukit Lawang, one way to increase the contribution and benefits of tourism to the community is through the development of a tourism village. The concept of village-based local economic development is certainly a hope for improving the welfare of the local community in the Bukit Lawang area, but how and what steps can be taken to realize this hope can be answered through a strategic study. Therefore, this study aims to generate the necessary strategies for optimizing local economy through tourism villages in the Bukit Lawang area, which is known as one of the ecotourism centers. The research method used in this study is SWOT analysis, where data is collected through purposive sampling interviews with informants selected from the pentahelix elements (government, community, academia, media, and tourism business actors). The data is analyzed using the SWOT protocol by identifying internal and external factors, SWOT matrix, and ultimately generating alternative development strategies. One alternative strategy from the WT domain is the need for formulating an integrative roadmap for village-based local economic development to avoid overlapping tourism programs that are not targeted. In the future, further research with the same focus can involve additional analysis tools such as AHP or QSPM so that the resulting strategies can be ranked.

The Politics of Sustainable Development: Navigating Policy Challenges in Indonesia’s New Capital City Nusantara

Adani Julian Perdana — 2024-02-01

This paper explores the political and policy-related obstacles in implementing Sustainable Development Goal 11 from the United Nations in Indonesia's forthcoming capital city. Authors start by scrutinizing the political motivations and interests influencing the city's development, and how these forces impact sustainability-focused policies. Subsequently, we investigate the challenges in aligning the city's growth with SDG 11 targets, which encompass safe and affordable housing, sustainable transport systems, inclusive urbanization, preservation of cultural and natural heritage, and improved resilience to disasters. Using a combination of desk research, news documentation, and case studies, this study endeavors to paint a comprehensive picture of the intricacies of achieving SDG 11 in the context of a new capital city. The insights gleaned from this research aim to inform policy-making and provide valuable lessons for Indonesia, as well as other developing nations, in their pursuit of sustainable urban development. Through this multifaceted research approach, this paper offers a nuanced perspective on the political and policy dynamics of sustainable development in the rapidly changing environment of Indonesia's new capital city.

Efforts to Improve Indonesia's Creative Economy: Analysis of Sustainable Development Goals Number 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth

Akhmad Dairoby — 2024-02-01

This writing aims to find out and explain the Strategy for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to Increase the Creative Economy in Indonesia. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, Indonesia ranks third after America and South Korea in terms of the Creative Economy, with 8 million creative economy entrepreneurs in Indonesia. The method used in this research is qualitative or uses a descriptive approach. The discussion originates from the results of library studies or literature studies through book sources and scientific articles from several journals related to previous research by the topic discussion. Society will indirectly see how Indonesia's creative economy is currently developing and how the government is also making efforts to overcome obstacles to improve the creative economy sector in Indonesia. The SDGs Program hopes to increase the creative economy in Indonesia and provide decent jobs in the creative economy sector and growth economy.

The Urgency of Asset Forfeiture Bill in Preventing Corruption Acts as an Effort to Address Structural Poverty in Indonesia

Dedon Dianta — 2024-02-01

According to the Transparency International report, Indonesia has Southeast Asia's 5th highest corruption index. Indonesia has dealt with more than 1,310 corruption cases from 2004 to 2022. Indonesia is also the 73rd poorest country based on the World Population Review. Specifically, according to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2022, 26.36 million Indonesians were still below the poverty line. The Asset Forfeiture Bill is currently being discussed by the governor and is expected to be able to resolve the structural poverty caused by corruption. This study aims to determine the urgency of the Asset Forfeiture Bill in preventing and dealing with corruption. The type of method used in this research is normative juridical research with a conceptual, statute, and case approach. The legal materials of this research consist of primary and secondary legal materials. The method of collecting legal materials is by taking an inventory of laws and literature that will be analyzed descriptively and prescriptively. The results of this study indicate that the Asset Forfeiture Bill has an impact in providing a deterrent effect on corruptors that will also solve the structural poverty issue in Indonesia.

Institutionalizing Inclusive Sustainability: The Role of Green Diplomacy in Advancing Environmental Governance between ASEAN and the EU

Dela Cruz — 2024-02-01

This research aims to analyze, examine, and compare current environmental policies governing ASEAN and the EU. To ensure a comprehensive and objective study, this paper will utilize two established theoretical frameworks, namely Comparative Institutional Analysis and Political Analysis. These frameworks will consider the complex institutional and political intricacies that underpin both regions. Moreover, this study will argue the importance of green diplomacy in promoting collaboration and knowledge-sharing as a fundamental step towards an institutionally standardized environmental policy that will benefit both ASEAN and the EU by drawing on a range of relevant literature and case studies. It will investigate in further detail specific ways in which green diplomacy advances the integration of environmental policies and identify best practices that enable cooperation and collaboration. This research works under the liberal assumption that sustainable development goals will be achieved not by centralized authority but through intergovernmental bargaining wherein states are actors that play a critical role in the achievement of SDGs. The research findings will reveal the potential for collaboration between ASEAN and the EU founded on mutual respect and a shared commitment to advance environmental sustainability. By highlighting the importance of institutionalizing sustainability, this study will help facilitate a transition to a more equitable future as it reaffirms both the region's environmental goals carrying on to play a vital role in resolving one of the world’s most pressing issues today, climate change.

Case Study on Traditional Sustainable Practices in Southeast Asian Cultures

Gwyne M. Tormes — 2024-02-01

This case study aims to investigate the local sustainable practices in Southeast Asian cultures and how these “green” practices can be cultivated to address the climate crisis. Oftentimes, sustainable solutions based on Western frameworks and perspectives are implemented to improve the climate situation. However, for non-Western regions and communities—in particular, in Southeast Asia (SEA)—some Western approaches in addressing the climate crisis may not be contextualized or feasible enough to be integrated in these said areas. Despite this incompatibility, SEA communities are not necessarily complacent about the climate crisis; in fact, SEA communities may already have sustainable practices embedded in their attitudes and daily life. This paper seeks to explore the following: [a] the possible reasons why some Western approaches of sustainability are not compatible with SEA lifestyle and preferences; [b] eco-friendly practices and initiatives in the SEA region; and [c] ways traditional SEA practices for sustainability can be encouraged and fostered within the local communities’ climate initiatives.

Enforcing Preventions of Child Marriage Cases in ASEAN Member States Within the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals

Hemalia Kusumadewi — 2024-02-01

Law prohibiting Child Marriage already exists in most countries, yet society always finds a way to send vulnerable children into marriage which exposes them to many long-term negative impacts such as higher risk of abuse and reproductive diseases. This is especially the case in developing nations, where culture and norms are still maintained more than the safety of children. Child Marriage is disproportionately harmful to girls, therefore the gender-inequality aspect of this phenomenon needs to be thoroughly analyzed. Most ASEAN Member States are also still struggling with preventing child marriages, with the rate of women married under 18 as high as 33% in some ASEAN States. Thus, comprehensive solutions are needed. Goal 5 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ‘Gender Equality’ has included the elimination of Child Marriage as one of its targets, thus emphasizing the importance of decreasing the phenomenon. This paper will examine the structural problem influencing the amount of Child Marriage cases in Southeast Asian countries using the Framework of Child Marriage Key Drivers, measuring the effectiveness of existing solutions, and coming up with sustainable solutions by utilizing the framework of SDGs and the IFRC Technical Guidelines National Society Programming Against Child Marriage.

Analysis of The Trilateral Cooperation of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia to Safeguard the Sea and Combat Terrorism

Abel Josafat Manullang — 2024-02-01

Terrorism is one of the things that globalization has somewhat enhanced. With the sumptuous ease of access to all sorts of technologies, the non-state actor has become the very thing that many states fear for their national security. One of such cases occurs in the Philippines where it has been dealing with the Abu Sayyaf terrorists. Given the terrorist’s ability to utilize the nearby sea to its advantage, which shares borders with Malaysia and Indonesia, the Philippines was faced with a complex matter at hand. However, it doesn’t deter them, rather, they came up with a unique approach which includes its neighbors in a joint effort to fight terrorism. The article focuses on three things which it unpacks later down the road. At the start, the article begins by explaining the trilateral cooperations between Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines in tackling terrorism over the sea and the Philippines. In the case of its implications, terrorism also has strong implications to national stability which might worsen a lot of sectors within a state, including areas where the SDGs are needed. Such conditions occur as acts of terror that the groups carry out would result in instability that may hinder development measures. The initiative to tackle the issue in a multilateral framework further shows how crucial the issue is to tackle and also why it must include that means. The latter can be attributed to the nature of the issue that is transnational which prevents any effective single state measures.